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A Book of Reference for the Various Departments of Human Knowledge. 
Including Agriculture, Astronomy, Architecture, The Various Arts and Sciences: Biography, Botany, Chemistry, 
Engineering, Geography, Geology, History, Horticulture, Literature, Mechanics, Medicine, Physiology, Natural His¬ 
tory, Mythology, and many other departments. 
700 PAGrES AISTE OVER 1,000 ElSTGrP AVUSTGrS. 
CONDENSED, COMPILED, AND ARRANG-ED FOR CONVENIENT USE. 
DIEK 
SPECIMEN PAGES, SHOWING SIZE OP PAGE, 
26T DISCOPHOEA 
STYLE OP TYPE AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 
I ElCTlON-BiULLS 352 
PEINGE 
Dirk, derk. A dagger 
formerly much, used in the 
Highlands of Scotland, and 
stiU worn as essential to 
complete the Highland cos¬ 
tume. 
Dirt-eating:, dert'et-ing. 
Cachexia Africana, a disor¬ 
der of the nutritive functions 
among negroes, and in cer¬ 
tain kinds of disturbance of 
the feminine health, in 
which there is an irresistible 
desire to eat dirt. The 
E ractiee of some tribes of 
. America, of using certain 
kinds of clay for food. 
Disoliarg-er, dis- 
-charj'or. In Elect, 
an instrument for 
discharging a Ley¬ 
den jar, &c., by 
making a connec¬ 
tion between the 
two surfaces. In 
calico printing, 
discharge. 
D i s c h arg e- 
valve, 'valv. In 
steam-engines, a 
valve which covers 
the top of the barrel 
of the air-pump 
and opens upward. 
Discharg'ing' Arch, 
Dirk. 
Leyden Jar ■with 
Discharger. 
ing arch. An 
arch formed in the substance of a wall to 
Discharging Arch 
relieve the part which is below it from the 
superincumbent weight, commonly used 
over lintels and flat-headed openings. 
Discipline, 'i-plin. Education; in¬ 
struction ; training. Rule of government. 
Subjection to rule. Correction ; punish¬ 
ment inflicted by w.ay of correction and 
■training : instruction by means of misfor¬ 
tune and tbe like. In the R. C. Ch. bod¬ 
ily punishment inflicted on a delinquent; 
or ttat external mortification which a pen¬ 
itent inflicts on himself. The scourge a 
delinquent uses in self-chastisement; or 
that ■wielded by his confessor. Books of 
discipline, two books drawn up for the 
reformation of the Scotch Church—the 
first by Knox and four other ministers in 
1560, the second by a committee of Assem¬ 
bly of 1578, in which Andrew MeWlle took 
a leading part. This is still appealed to as 
the most complete and authoritative ex¬ 
hibition of Scottish Presbyterianism. 
Disebidia, -kid'- 
i-a. A gen. of 
A s c 1 e p iadaoese, ( 
herbs or under 
shrubs. One spe¬ 
cies, D. Rafllesi- 
ana, is rem.ark- 
able for its nu¬ 
merous pitcher- 
like appendages. 
Disciples o f 
Christ (Camp- 
taeUites). An in¬ 
dependent sect 
holding views 
sub stantially 
identical with the f 
Baptists, founded? 
in the U. S.,1809, 
by Rev. Thomas Disebidia Rafflesiana. 
Campbell, a distinguished preacher of the 
Presbyterian church, from which he se¬ 
ceded, and his son. Rev. Alexander Camp¬ 
bell, both natives of Ireland. The sect 
numbers nearly three-quarters of a million 
communicants, most of them being in the 
S. and W. States. 
Discobolus, -kob'o-lus. In Class. An- 
tiq. a thrower of,^ 
the discus or quoit; 
a quoit-player. The 
name given by 
Cuvier to his 3d 
family of soft- 
finned teleostean 
fishes. The lump¬ 
fish (Cyclopterus 
Lumpus) is a good 
example of the 
group. 
Discophora.-koP 
o-ra. A sub-class 
of the Hydrozoa, 
comprising most of 
the organ isms 
known as sea-jel- - 
lies, jelly-fishes or Discobolus throw- 
sea-nettles. A lUg the Discus, 
name sometimes given to the order of an¬ 
nelids, Hirudinea, to which the leech be¬ 
longs. 
Eriction-balls, -balz. Balls placed 
under a heavy object to reduce the fric¬ 
tion, while that object is moving horizon¬ 
tally. Some swing-bridges have such 
balls placed under them. 
IFriction-clutch, -kluch. A species of 
loose coupling much used for connecting 
machines which require to bo frequently 
engaged and disengaged, or which are 
subject to sudden variations of resistance. 
Priction-cones, -konz. In Mach, a 
form of slip-coupling, which allows the 
cones to slip on any extreme pressure 
being applied. 
Priction-coupling:. -kup'ling. A form 
of coupling in which two shafts are con¬ 
nected by friction, as in the friction-clutch 
and friction-cones. 
IFrictiou-pcwder, -pou-der. A com¬ 
position of chlorate of potash and anti¬ 
mony, which readily ignites by friction. 
Friday, fri'da. The 6th day of the ■week. 
Good F., the Friday immediately preced¬ 
ing Easter; whichis kept sacred, in mem¬ 
ory of the sufferings and death of Christ, 
as it is believed to be the anniversary of 
the day on which he was crucified. 
Friedlaud, fred'lahnt. A town of E. 
Prussia, 86 m. 8. E. of Konigsberg, noted 
for the gi-eat ■victory, June 1-t, 1807, of 
the French under Napoleon I. over the 
allied Russian and Prussian armies, re¬ 
sulting in the treaty of Tilsit. 
Friendly Islands (Tonga). An archi¬ 
pelago of the 8. Pacific, of which Ton- 
f ataboo is the chief island; pop. abt. 
5,000. 
Friend, frend. One of the Society of 
Dissenters, ■which took its rise in England 
about the middle of the 17th century, 
through the preaching of George Fox. 
Frieze, 
Frieze. 
A coarse woolen cloth hav¬ 
ing a shaggy nap on one side, e.xtensive- 
ly manufactured in Ireland. 
Frieze-panel, 'pan-el. One of the up¬ 
per panels of a door of si.x panels., 
il^iga, frig'a. In Scand. Myth, the wfe 
Frigate. 
of Odin, a goddess corresponding in some 
respects to the Aphrodite of the Greeks 
and Venus of the Romans. Called also 
Freya. 
Frigate, fri'gat. A 
war vessel larger 
than a sloop or brig, 
and less than a ship 
of the lino; usually 
carrying thirty to 
sixty guns on the 
m.ain deck and on 
a raised quarter-deck 
and forecastle, or 
having two decks. 
Since the introduc¬ 
tion of iron-claa war 
vessels the term has j 
been applied to those 
having a high speed 
and great fighting 
power. Double-banked frigates, such as 
carried guns on two decks and had aflush 
upper-deck. Steam frigates, large steam¬ 
ships carrying guns on a flush upper-deck, 
and having a tier also on the lower deck. 
Frigrate- 
b i r d, 
-herd. The 
name given 
to a ge.n. 
of trop¬ 
ical birds 
(Tachy- 
petes), pel-- 
ican fam. 
(Poll oan- 
ld»), and al- TCrio-ite-hird 
lied to the hrigate-bnd. 
cormorants; a man-of-war bird. • 
Frig-id Zone, frij'id. A space about 
cither pole of the earth, terminated by a 
parallel of 66^“ of latitude, known as the 
polar circles. At the pole the sun is visi¬ 
ble for half the year and intusible the other 
half. 
Frimaire, fre-miir. The 3d month of 
tho French republican calendar, dating 
from September 22, 1792. It commenced 
November 21, and ended December 20. 
Fringe, frinj. An ornamental append¬ 
age to the 
Assyrian Fringes. 
fringes is of very great antiquity, as shown 
by the dresses of figures on the ancient 
A Remarkable Storehouse, and Work of Reference, for Almost Every Department of Human Knowledge. 
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