218 
AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST 
[J ULT, 
tom of the bore. Trunnions .—Projections from the 
Bides of the cannon, to support it on the carriage. 
Fig. G.—r, Round Shot— g, Grape Shot—6, Bar 
Shot — c, Chain Shot — m, Musket Balls. 
Projectiles, signify any thing thrown or pro¬ 
jected. Shot and. shell are the principal projectiles 
used in cannon. Round Shot, (r, I ;g. G,) are solid 
spherical iron balls of different weights, from two to 
more than a hundred pounds. The sizes most employ¬ 
ed in battles on the open field, weigh from four to 
twelve pounds. The guns from which they are 
tlirown are called Light Artillery. Heavier shot are 
used in Heavy Artillery , for battering down fortifica¬ 
tions, sinking vessels, etc. Bar Shot, (b, Fig. G,) con¬ 
sist of two round shot joined by a solid bar, like a 
dumb-bell. Chain Shot, (c, Fig. 6,) are two round 
shot linked together by a chain. These are used 
mostly for firing at vessels, to destroy their masts 
and rigging. Grape Shot, ( g , Fig. G,) are small iron 
halls bound together in a canvas bag. They are 
usually arranged around an iron spike, somewhat in 
the form of a bunch of 
grapes. Canister or Case 
^3 Shot, (Fig. 8,) are iron 
bullets enclosed in a tin 
box or ease. The Com- 
Fig. 8—Canister. mon Shell, or Bomb, (Fig. 
7,) is a large hollow 
sphere of iron, filled with powder. A fuse is at¬ 
tached, which takes fire and burns slowly until the 
shell reaches the point aimed at, and then explodes 
the shell and scatters the fragments. In the im¬ 
proved shell, the fuse is made of powder ground 
fine, enclosed between two metal 
plates, and fitted to the opening in 
the shell. The inner plate has an 
opening leading to the powder 
within the shell, and the outer one^ 
is marked with the figures 1, 2, 3,9 
4. Before the gunner puts it into §fj 
the cannon, he pierces the plate at 
one of these figures, at 1 if he de- Fig. 9.—Hand 
sires the shell to explode in one Grenade. 
second, at 2 for two seconds, and 
so on. Shrapnell or Spherical Case, are large hol¬ 
low shot filled with lead bullets, and containing a 
small charge of powder, to which a fuse is at¬ 
tached. When fired, the powder just breaks the 
shell in the air, and the bullets fly on with the 
impetus received from the powder in the can¬ 
non, but “scatter” so as to cover a considerable 
space. The Carcasse, is a shell pierced with sever¬ 
al holes and containing some highly inflammable 
ingredients, which are set on fire by the burning fuse. 
It continues to send out flames for several minutes, 
and is used for setting buildings or ships on fire. 
Round shot are sometimes heated red hot and fired 
for the same purpose ; and recently hollow, thins 
shells filled with melted iron, have been used. The 
Hand Grenade, Fig. 9 , is a small thin shell filled 
with balls and powder, and fitted with a fuse. It 
is thrown by hand, the fuse having first been 
lighted. It is used to drive off attacking parties 
from a fort or vessel, to throw over breast works, 
or into forts, and is a formidable weapon. 
The above is all we have room for now. Next 
month we will describe soldiers’ equipments, the 
organization of an army, its officers, etc. 
New Problems. 
No. 15. —Interest and Discount Question. —Here is a 
question that came up in an actual business transac¬ 
tion, which lias puzzled several of our friends. A 
number have tried their hand at it, but no two ex¬ 
actly agree. It would seem like a simple matter, 
and we submit it to our readers : Mr. B. has a mort¬ 
gage of four years on the farm of Mr. II., for $4,000, 
at 7 per cent interest, the interest to be received 
semi-annually. Being in want of money, Mr. B. 
offers to sell the mortgage to Mr. M., at such a re¬ 
duction that his investment shall give him ten per 
cent interest, the interest to be reckoned annually. 
How much ready money must Mr. M. pay to Mr. B.? 
No. 10.— Arithmetical Question —Contributed to 
the. Amer. Agriculturist by Eli Phillips : How many 
ounces of lead weigh as much as a pound of gold ? 
No. 17.—A military letter written in cypher, that 
is, by using other letters of the alphabet in place 
of those which spell the word. Try to read it: 
Vhqg zlwkrxw gliodb wkuhh ulijlpliqwv ri lqidq- 
wub wr dohadqguld zlwk udwlrqv iru ivkuhli gdbv. 
Answers to Problems In June No. 
No. 11.— Enigma. Answer: Chusan-rishathaim, 
found in Judges, iii chap., 8th verse. The name 
signifies “ the blackness of iniquity.” 
No. 12.— Arithmetical Question. Answer: 7 cows, 
21 sheep, and 72 geese. 
No. 13.— Word Dazzle. Answer: Sir, between 
fyfinds, I understand your overbearing disposi¬ 
tion. A man even with the world is above con¬ 
tempt, while the ambitious are beneath ridicule. 
No. 14.— Charade. Answer: Hemisphere. 
[58 correct answers received to the above; the 
names we have not room for this month.] 
-- r 
STANDING- PREMIUMS 
For 1861. ITol. XX. 
JTjpTn selecting articles for premiums, we have aimed 
to get such as are useful and as have been most fre¬ 
quently called for by our readers. §3^“ We wish it 
distinctly understood that these premiums are offer¬ 
ed. in good aith—no cheap, trashy , imperfect, poorly made 
or second-hand thing, will he sent out, but each article 
offered, is the best of its kind, and every one will be selected 
by the publisher from the very best manufactured. They 
will be the best sold in the market at the prices named. 
AVe offer nothing or competition. Each premium is 
for a specified number of subscribers, and no one's remuner¬ 
ation will depend upon what other unknown persons are do¬ 
ing. Every one aiming for a premium, knows just wliat he 
or she, is working for; and also that if a higher premium is 
not secured, a lower one can be taken. 
(E3?“ The premiums are offered for subscribers for Volume 
XX (1SG1), ichenever received. Canvassers will have time 
for completing their lists, but the premium will be paid as 
soon as any list is made up—if duplicate lists are sent, to refer 
to at once. UST" Clubs need not be confined to one P. 0. 
Premium A. 
130 Subscribers at 80 cents each, (or 90 at $1 each,) will 
entitle the person getting up the club to one of Wheeler A 
Wilson's best SI-5 Sewing Machines, (including 
Hcmmers) new from the factory, and of the very best 
make. There is no better family machine than this made, 
as we have proved by tlirfee years’ use in our own 
family. We want no better.—The machines will he selected 
new at the manufactory, be well boxed, and forwarded with¬ 
out expense to the recipient, except for freight charges after 
leaving the city. Full instructions for setting up and using, 
go with eacli machine. 
Premium BS. 
130 Subscribers at 80 cents each, (or 90 at $1 each,) will 
entitle the person getting up the club to a set of Appleton’s 
Now American Cyclopaedia, now in ©ourse of 
publication, consisting of fifteen large volumes of 710 pagcB 
each. Tills is a magnificent work, forming a whole library 
embracing every topic of human knowledge. Twelve vol¬ 
umes are now ready, and the remaining three will be fur¬ 
nished as fast as issued. Price, $15. 
Premium C. 
98 Subscribers at 80 cents each, (or 09 at $1 each,) will 
entitle the person getting up the club to one of Willcox <fc 
Oibbs' 835 Sewing Machines, including a set of 
Ilemmcrs. This is the best-machine of its kind, (sewing 
with one thread), and has several points superior to others. 
It is neat, well made, simple in its operation; and having test¬ 
ed one for some time past in our own family, we can recom¬ 
mend it to those who can not afford to buy the higher priced 
double-thread machines. (The regular price of this machine 
is $30, but we have included in our offer $5 extra for the set 
of Hemmers, because those used with this machine are very 
simple and effective, and should go with every one sent out.) 
The machines given as premiums, will he selected new at the 
factory, be well boxed, and will be forwarded to the recip¬ 
ient free of expense, except for freight after leaving the 
city. They will go out set up ready for use, with printed 
directions for operating. 
Premium F. 
50 Subscribers at SO cents each, (or 3G at $1 each,) will 
entitle the person getting up the club to one of the best 
®8 Straw and Hay Cutters. [If preferred, the best 
88 Subsoil Plow (two-horse) will he given.] 
Premium H. 
40 Subscribers at 80 cents each, (or 31 at $t each,) will 
entitle the person getting up the club to one of the best 
®G 'A Hand Corn Sliellers— a convenient, effective, and 
useful implement. 
Premium I., 
30 Subscribers at 80 cents each, will entitle the person get¬ 
ting up the club to an assortment of Windsor A Newton’s 
Water Color Paints— consisting of 12 colors, putnp in 
a neat mahogany case, with brushes, etc. These Paints are 
imported from London, and are by all considered the best 
in the world. They are adapted to the finest work, or they 
will make a neat and appropriate present to any of our young¬ 
er readers. They will he sent post-paid anywhere within 
3000 miles. (If to go to the British Provinces or to the Pa¬ 
cific Coast, the recipient will need to send 81 cents for- extra 
postage above the 0 cents per ounce which we pay.) See 
also Premium M, last month, page ISO. 
Premium N. 
10 Subscribers at 80 cents each, will entitle the person get 
ting up tile club to any one of the foul- previous unbound 
volumes (1G, 17,18, or 19,) sent post-paid. 
Premium O. 
337 Subscribers at 80 cents each (or 135 at $1 each) vf.i 
entitle ttie person getting up the club to one of Geo. A 
Prince A Co.'s 875 Melodeoits (5 octaves). Tliese Melo- 
deons are of very superior tone and finish. IVe have our¬ 
selves used one (costing $150) for two years past, and it has 
given the highest satisfaction, and is pronounced by all who 
have heard it, as one of the very best. The different priced 
instruments are of equally good tone—the price varying with 
the size and style of finish. The size, prices, etc., of these in¬ 
struments can be learned particularly by sending a stamp to 
Geo. A. Prince & Co., Buffalo, N. Y„ for an illustrated de¬ 
scriptive catalogue. The instruments given as Premiums, will 
be sent new directly from the factory at Buffalo, ready box¬ 
ed, and without extra expense to the recipient, except for 
freight after leaving the factory. 
The above premium list may be made up by the 
members of a congregation, or Sabbath School, and an In¬ 
strument thus secured for a church or school room. 
Premium P. 
183 Subscribers at 80 cents each (or 105 at $1 each) will 
entitle the person getting up the club to one of Geo. A. 
Prince A Co.'s §GO Mclodcous Chi octaves.) See re¬ 
marks above. 
Premium Q. 
130 Subscribers at SO cents each (or 90 at $1 each), will 
entitle the person getting up the club to one of Geo. A. 
Prince A Co.’s 845 Melotleous (4 octaves.) See remarks 
above. N. 15.—Higher priced Melodeons will be given for 
larger lists, in the same proportion. 
--»-—« m» » »- 
Time and Place of Fairs Wanted. 
Some Agricultural Societies are talking of postponing 
their usual annual exhibitions this year. This is not wise, 
as a general tiling ; we need now as much as ever the ad¬ 
vantages to agriculturists and households, of these annual 
gatherings. The officers, or members of the different 
State and County societies will confer a favor by send¬ 
ing to this office at as early a date as possible, the time and 
place of the next exhibition, for publication. 
Market Review, Weather Notes, etc. 
American Agriculturist Office. j 
New-York, Tuesday Morning, June 18, 1861. j 
The following table presents a condensed view of the 
business transacted for a month past. These figures are 
carefully compiled from daily notes ; our commercial re¬ 
porter, who lias had many years experience, spends the 
whole of each day in the market. 
TRANSACTIONS at TTIE NEW-YORK MARKETS. 
Receipts. Flour. Wheat. Corn. Bye. Barley. Oats. 
24 davs this month 379,400 3,820,000 8,197.000 36,450 69,000 305.000 
25 day's last month Skl.000 1,122,000 755,000 19.S50 93,000 317,000 
Sales. Flour. Wheat. Corn. Bye. Barley. 
24 days this month 386.500 4168.000 3.304,000 40,700 21.000 
25 days last month 424,000 2,399,000 1,555,000 73,450 84,750 
By this month, we of course refer to the month running 
back 24 business days from this date. A glance at the 
above figures shows very heavy transactions in Bread- 
stuffs, both in receipts and sales. The 379,400 bbls. of 
flour received, is equivalent to 1,897,000 bushels of wheal, 
which added to the 3,8-20,000 bushels ot wneat received, 
make a total of 5,717,000 or nearly six million bushels of 
wheat received in twenty four days. The receipts of 
corn have been very large also, running up to nearly 3Jf 
million bushels against 51 million bushels for the previous 
