323 
AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST, 
[November, 
Calendar of Operations for Nov., 1860. 
[We note down sundry kinds of work to be done during 
the month, to call to mind the various operations to be at¬ 
tended to. A glance 'over a table like this will often suggest 
some piece of work that might otherwise be forgotten or 
neglected. Our remarks are more especially adapted to the 
latitudes of 38° to 45°; but will be equally applicable to 
points further North and South, by making due allowance 
for each degree of latitude, that is, earlier for the North, and 
later for the South. 
Explanations.—^’ indicates the first; m, the middle; and l, 
the last of the month.—Doubling the letters thus: ff, or mm, 
or U, gives particular emphasis to .he period indicated.— 
Two letters placed together, as fm or ml, signify that the 
work may be done in either or in both periods indicated; 
thus, work marked fm, indicates that it is to be attended to 
from the Jil'st to the middle of the month.] 
Farasa. 
It is necessary that what now remains to be done 
iu -securing late crops, be finished quickly ; frost 
and snow will soon take full possession of the 
fields, to act their important part in ameliorating 
the soil and preparing it for future tillage. If the 
cultivator has controlled the growth on his fields, 
allowing no weedy intruders to ripen their seeds, he 
has little to fear from the sweeping winds—if other¬ 
wise, every blast will send hundreds and thousands of 
these, his enemies, flying to their safe winter quar¬ 
ters, to emerge in Spring, ready to dispute with his 
crops for the mastery of the soil. 
Iu addition to completing preparations for Win¬ 
ter-making every thing comfortable for the family 
in the house, and the family at the barn—drawing 
and composting muck, finishing drains, threshing 
and marketing grain, etc., will afford profitable em¬ 
ployment. The present leisure from more press¬ 
ing work may be turned to great profit in reading, 
study of the science of tanning, and planning for fu¬ 
ture improvement. 
Buildings — Examine after hard storms, and keep 
in thorough repair. Painting may yet be done bet¬ 
ter than in Spring or Summer. 
Go 'tie—Feeding at the barn is now necessary. A 
-great saving.of food, and much benefit to the ma¬ 
nure heap, is. secured by cutting and cooking food. 
Stalks and other coarse feed so treated, will be 
readily eateii up clean. Eeed from racks or boxes, 
•and give variety as well as plenty of food. Read on 
tuhsequent pages “Economy iu Feeding,” and 
“ Comforts for Cows.” 
Cellars — As the cold becomes severe, protect 
against frost; Straw or leaves are preferable to ma¬ 
nure for banking against doors and windows. There 
will be less danger from frost, if sufficient ventila¬ 
tion be afforded to carry off moisture. In construct¬ 
ing houses, a ventilating flue should be carried up 
from the cellar toward the top of the building. 
Cisterns and -Wells—Arrange pumps and other 
fixtures so.as to prevent freezing. 
' Corn—Coifipletc husking, ff\ if not already done. 
Shell and market as soon as favorable prices are of¬ 
fered. Guard -against depredations of rats and mice. 
'Save stalks, leaves, and husks for fodder. 
Draining can be done until frost prevents. Keep 
’sluice-ways upon the highway open, and occasion¬ 
ally examine drain furrows among Winter grain. 
Fruit — Remove apples and pears to the cellar be¬ 
fore they are frozeu. It is important that they be 
kept dry and cool, and secure from rats and mice. 
Hanging shelves arc convenient for ripening choice 
late pears 
Grain—Select the best growth for seed, if not at¬ 
tended to before. Thresh as fast- as practicable. 
Allow no straw to be wasted ; use it cut and mixed 
with meal for feeding, and for litter in the stalls and 
yards. 
Hedges — Plant deciduous, ff, rn, if the soil be dry; 
otherwise leave until Spring. 
Hogs — Complete the fattening as rapidly as pos¬ 
sible. Give plenty of cooked food. An occasional 
mess of potatoes with their meal, will keep up 
their appetite; a little sulphur occasionally is also 
beneficial. Provide for early pigs by turning a male 
among the breeding sows, m, ll. 
Horses—Give plenty of cut feed, and add carrots, 
which arc both wholesome and nutritious, Oats in 
the sheaf, run through the cutter, make excellent 
feed. Give plenty of straw for bedding. Construct 
gutters at the rear of the stall for conducting away 
urine. A covering of muck upon the stable floor 
makes a soft standing place. The stables should be 
Warm, but well ventilated; many diseases are con¬ 
tracted in foul stables. Keep horses well shod for 
traveling on frozen ground. 
Ice Houses may yet be constructed if uusup- 
plied. Have them in readiness to be filled at the 
first favorable opportunity. 
In-door—Cultivate the mind during the leisure of 
the season. 
Leaves are useful for bedding, for manure, and for 
protecting plants. Read “Save the Leaves” on 
page 330. 
Manures—Now is the time to commence to hus¬ 
band the stores for next year. Supply abun¬ 
dance of muck to absorb liquids and gases, and to 
compost with cleanings from the stable. Use also 
plaster about the stables, poultry house, etc., to fix 
escaping gases; allow nothing to waste that can be 
turned to account. 
Plow heavy clay lands intended for cultivation 
next Spring, and leave the furrows to be harrowed 
by the Winter frosts. 
Poultry should be kept fait, to be profitable. Sup¬ 
ply them with plenty of grain, and give waste meat 
chopped fine, two or three times a week. Allou r 
them gravel, and ashes or chip dirt to wallow iu ; 
they need sunshine, and also free access to water ; 
treated in this way, they will give -a good supply of 
eggs’. Fowls for market should be confined sepa¬ 
rately, in small coops, fed liberally with boiled corn, 
and kept quiet. 
Pumpkin's—Continue to feed to fattening animals 
and to mileli cows. If there be a large supply, 
store where they will be safe from frost until used. 
Schools—Give the children the best school advan¬ 
tages that can be procured. Allow them to com¬ 
mence early in the season, and to attend regularly. 
Encourage them by frequent visits at the school 
house, and sustain the authority of the teacher. 
Sheep—Provide ample sheds and feeding racks 
apart from other stock. Do not keep them in 
the pasture too late in the season. Feed regularly, 
and allow free access to water. Roots with hay, 
will be found profitable. Salt at least once a week.. 
For early lambs turn in the buck, m, l. 
Stack's — It is wasteful of hay and manure to feed 
from the stack upon the surrounding grounds. 
Draw it to the barn and feed out under cover. 
Sorghum Sugar Cane — Complete' cutting and 
manufacturing, ff. It may be kept under cover sev¬ 
eral weeks without injury- —moderate freezing, after 
cutting, does not spoil it. 
Tools, etc. — Have all implements, carriages, carts, 
etc., under cover, and improve -rainy days by repair¬ 
ing and painting such as need it. Clean and oil 
harness, and put sleds and sleighs in running order. 
Turnips and Carrots — Harvest any remaining, ff. 
Store in the cellar or in pits, with sufficient protec¬ 
tion from frost. 
Water Pipes— Cover with straw or other proper 
material where there is danger of freezing. 
Winter Grain— Keep all animals from the fields ; 
-the roots need the late growth for Winter protec¬ 
tion. Let no water stand on any part of t he surface. 
Wood— Prepare a supply of fuel to be drawn 
when snow comes. Cut out dead or decaying trees, 
and trim out thick undergrowth. Swamps may be 
cleared as soon as frozen sufficiently to bear a team. 
Mmi’seiy. 
The latest fruit is now to be gathered and stored, 
or made into eider. Before the trees are left for 
their winter rest, much may be done for their bene¬ 
fit. If Summer pruning has been neglected, it is 
better to attend to it this month than to leave it un¬ 
til Spring. Multitudes of insects have deposited 
their eggs under the loose bark and moss of the 
trunk and larger limbs ; and others are comfortably 
burrowed under ground, in different stages of being, 
waiting until Spring shall warm them into life. 
Scrape the trees thoroughly ; plow the ground, not 
deeply enough to disturb the roots, and hoe or fork 
over the soil near the trunks. Besides the expo¬ 
sure of insects to frost, plowing will destroy the 
nests of mice, and eradicate the weeds and grass in 
which they are harbored. 
In the nursery the busy season ot filling orders, 
transplanting, increasing stock, etc., will leave little 
leisure while the ground remains in working order. 
Apples—Plant ff, m, for new orchards, and to fill 
vacancies iu the old. Many unoccupied corners 
about the buildings and along lanes can be profita¬ 
bly used for fruit trees. 
Cherry trees planted in the Fall in this latitude 
are liable to be lulled by frost-. Further South, the 
present time is favorable. 
Cider—Finish making before the apples decay or 
are injured by freezing. Read article on page 334. 
Cions—Cut at any time this month, when not fro¬ 
zen, and bury iu dry earth, either out doors, or in 
the cellar. 
Fruit—Gather, ff, any remaining. Preserve in a 
cool, dark, and dry place. The cooler fruit can be 
kept without freezing, the longer it will remain 
sound. Separate bruised or decaying apples or 
pears from the general stock, to be used first. 
Grapes—Plant vines, ff. Prune,if; for fuff direc¬ 
tions see page 340. Lay tender varieties upon the 
ground and cover with straw, hay, or other litter for 
Winter protection. Hardy sorts do better if treated 
in the same way. Remove, say six inches of the 
soil around the roots, if insects have been trouble¬ 
some, and replace with fresh sifted earth. Read ar¬ 
ticle “Microscopic Insects,” on page 333. 
Insects—Give the borer and scale no quarter. Ex¬ 
amine twigs for eggs of the caterpillar. 
Manure—Top dress orchards and fruit yards with 
compost, to protect the roots and enrich the soil. 
Alice—Where these or other vermin are trouble¬ 
some, wrap the lower ends of the trunks with thick 
tarred paper. Allow no hedge-rows near the trees. 
Nursery Rows—When transplanting is completed 
for the season, plow between them, and turn the 
furrows toward the trees to protect them, and give 
good surface drainage. If possible, transplant all 
seedlings this Fall. 
Pear Trees—This fruit is rapidly increasing in 
popularity. Set out an abundant supply. It is bet¬ 
ter to cultivate a few varieties of known excellence, 
enough to keep up a succession of fruit, rather than 
to fill the grounds with a great number of sorts. 
Give a good top-dressing of manure to be forked in 
in Spring. 
Pruning is better performed now than in Spring. 
August is probably the best season for this work, 
except iu warm climates; thero, the present month 
is favorable. 
Quinces — Gather and market, or preserve the 
fruit as it ripens. Plant trees, ff, in. 
Seeds of Apples, Pears, Quinces, Plums, Cher¬ 
ries, Peaches, and the various nuts and hard-shelled 
seeds — plant ff, rn, if not already done as directed 
last month. 
Stocks — Transplant all the hardy ones into nur¬ 
sery rows. You can spare the time better now than 
in Spring. Others may be heeled in over Winter. 
Tender Seedlings, especially evergreens, need 
some protection in the nursery. Sift iu dry sand to 
protect the stems, and cover with forest leaves, 
straw, or evergreen boughs, for the first Winter. 
iiaitclKiiis taand Fa-wit d;aa-<i5«'Ea. 
There is little to be dffne in this department, ex¬ 
cept by the market gardener, who will be busy pre¬ 
paring for early crops for thefollowiug season. The 
roots yet in the ground are to be gathered, rubbish 
cleared away, and draining and trenching to bo 
completed. 
Asparagus — New beds may lie made, and roots 
set or seed sown, If, m. Cover the beds, in, l, with 
several inches of coarse manure. 
Beets — Complete harvesting, ff, before hard frosts 
Feed the tops to cattle or pigs. 
