266 
J. Ramsbottom, 
Fries’ work confirms that of Maire with regard to H. conicus 
The young basidia are uninucleate. The nucleus enlarges and wanders 
to the point of the basidium. It divides once and immediately rests. In 
the anaphase only two chromosomes are present. (This Maire also found 
but he recorded here, as in all the cases he studied, the presence of 
what he terms protochromosomes). At this stage the sterigmata grow dut 
and give rise to the kidney-shaped spores. The daughter nuclei wander 
into the spore beginnings and divide, either immediately or somewhat 
later, so that the spore when it falls always possesses two nuclei. The 
author concludes that there are in this fungus, no reduction divisions, and 
that the reduced number of chromosomes holds right through the life 
history i. e. that the diploid phase is wanting. Thus there is a state of 
apogamy of the kind which Guilliermond has termed apomixie. These 
results can be somewhat satisfactorily compared with those recorded by 
Moreau which are referred to previously in this resumé. 
Fries (1911) has also published a continuation of his work on the 
development of Nidularia. He finds, as is usual, that the young basidia 
are binucleate. The two nuclei increase in size and then fuse. The 
fusion nucleus rapidly increases in size and then undergoes two successive 
divisions the details of which are hard to make out. Fries considers, 
however, that in the first division two bivalent and in the second two 
monovalent chromosomes are present. The two divisions thus constitute 
a reduction division. The nuclei, after this second division, pass into the 
spores through the sterigmata. They are, at this stage, in the prophase 
of a division which is completed in the spore. The spore therefore is 
binucleate as in all the Gasteromycetes studied. The spindle in the first 
nuclear division in the basidium is at right angles to the longitudinal 
axis (Chiastobasidiae of Juel). Maire (1902) has described very similar 
happenings in Nidularia globosa and Cyathus hirsutus . 
In most Basidiomycetes studied the basidium arises from a series 
of binucleate cells. It is not yet known how this binucleate condition 
arises, nor at what stage of the life history. It is therefore not yet 
possible to relate the nuclear phenomena, to what occurs in the Uredineae 
and to what Claussen has described in Pyronema confluens . 
Literatur. 
1. Brown, W. H., The Development of the Ascocarp of Lachnea scutellata. (Bot. Gaz., 
1911, 52 , 275-305.) 
2. Carruthers, D., Contributions to the Cytology of Helvella crispa Fries. (Ann. Bot., 
1911, 25 , 243-252.) 
3. Faull, J. H., The Cytology of the Laboulbcniales . (Ann. Bot., 1911, 25, 649—654.) 
4. Fries, R. E., Über die cytologischen Verhältnisse bei der Sporenbildung von Nidu¬ 
laria. (Zeitschr. Bot., 1911, 3, 145—165.) 
5. Ders., Zur Kenntnis der Cytologie von Hygrophorus conicus. (Svensk Bot. Tidskr., 
1911, 5 , 241—251.) 
6. Guilliermond, M. A., Aperçu sur l’évolution nucléaire des Ascomycètes et nou¬ 
velles observations sur les mitoses des asques. (Rev. Gén., 1911, 89—120.) 
7. Hoffmann, A. W. H., Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte von Endophyllum Sempervivi. 
(Central!)! f. Bact., Parasit. Infect., 1911, 32, 137—158.) 
8. Kasanowsky, V., Aphanomyces laevis de Bary. I. Entwicklung der Sexualorgane 
und Befruchtung. (Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges., 1911, 29 , 210—228.) 
9. Kniep, H., Über das Auftreten von Basidien im einkernigen Mycel von Armillaria 
mellea Fl. Dan. (Zeitschr. Bot., 1911, 3, 529—553.) 
