AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST 
315 
Manures—Continue manufacturing by col¬ 
lecting leaves—which are now abundant— 
scrapings from the woods, muck, turf, loam, 
&c. These can be used in the stable, barn¬ 
yard, hog-pen, and privy, to absorb all the 
iquid. " 
Plow stiff clayey soils, leaving the ground 
in ridges to be acted on by frosts. See ar¬ 
ticle on another page, headed “ Plow the 
field and spade the garden.” 
Roots—Throw more earth upon the pits 
and gradually close the opening at the top 
as the weather becomes severe. 
Stone fences or walls may be laid during 
this month. See article on another page. 
Tools—Put away those not in use, repair¬ 
ing them if necessary that they may be all 
ready when wanted. 
Turnips—Harvest Ruta Bagas m. to 1. or 
as soon as the leaves begin to wilt from se¬ 
vere frosts : store them in cool dry cellars or 
put in pits or stacks as per directions on 
another page. 
Winter grain—Keep cattle and especially 
sheep from feeding it down at this season, 
which is injurious to the roots. 
Wood—Previous to the fall of snow in 
northern latitudes, the “ down stuff” or fal¬ 
len trunks of trees with which many forests 
abound should be cut and either carted to the 
house or piled up where it can be readily 
loaded upon the sled, and drawn out after 
the first fall of snow. Clear and level the 
ground for roads where you are to get the 
winter supply. 
ORCHARD AND NURSERY. 
Apple Trees—Set out ff. earthing them up 
a little to guard against blowing over. 
Cherry Trees—Plant out standards ff. to 
m. on dry soil, or if wet, it should be drained. 
Grounds—May be prepared for spring 
planting if not already done, by subsoiling or 
trenching, &c. See article elsewhere. 
Mice—Guard against ravages in orchards, 
nursery rows and hedges, by cleaning away 
grass, weeds, &c., from the trees. Give the 
trunks of standards a coating of tar or other 
offensive substance. 
Nursery Rows, especially upon moist 
heavy ground should have furrows turned 
towards the trunks, thus opening drains to 
carry off the water between the rows. This 
also prevents the frost from throwing the 
roots out of the ground. 
Packing trees and shrubs is an impor¬ 
tant operation of the nurseryman during this 
month, and should be perfo rmed with refer¬ 
ence to the distance they are to be sent. If 
transported far, the roots should be packed 
with moss, and covered with mats or bags, 
and the trunks and limbs well strawed up. 
Pear Trees—Set outff. to m. heading back 
long straggling branches, or a too upright top 
so as to give a sort of compactness to the 
head. See articles on transplanting, and 
also on Pears in this number. 
Plum Trees may be set out at this season, 
but we prefer spring planting, especially in 
northern latitudes. 
Pruning may still be done both in orchard 
and nursery. 
Quinces—Plant If. to m. the same as 
pears. 
Raspberries—Plant ff. to m. Cover ten¬ 
der varieties m. to 11. or before the ground 
freezes. 
Seeds of Apples, Pears, Quinces, Plums, 
Cherries, Peaches, &c.—Put in boxes of 
earth or plant ff. if not already done. 
Straw up tender trees and shrubs as they 
stand in the ground, m. to 1. 
Taking up fruit and ornamental trees con¬ 
stitutes an important part of the nursery 
work for this month, and should be indus¬ 
triously pursued during the early part of it, 
or before the ground freezes, to retard the 
operation. Preserve as many roots as pos¬ 
sible without splitting or lacerating them. 
Transplanting may be done during the 
month or. until the ground freezes, but it is 
better to set out early. Dig good sized holes, 
and having the trees taken up with care, ex¬ 
pose the roots as little as may be to the sun, 
as d none at all to th e frost. See article last 
month. 
Trench and manure grounds for spring 
planting ff. if not previously done. 
KITCHEN AND FRUIT GARDEN. 
Artichokes—Dig and store for winter use, 
f. to m. 
Asparagus—Dress and cover with coarse 
manures, straw, cedar, or other evergreen 
brush, &c. Plant out new beds, ff. trenching 
the ground and manuring heavily. 
Bean Poles—Collect and store away in 
winter quarters. 
Beets—Dig and store ff. if not done al¬ 
ready. See article on keeping roots. 
' Blackberries—Plant ff. on deep rich soil. 
Cabbage—Harvest m. or before the 
ground closes. Protect during winter by 
placing them head downwards upon dry 
ground in rows, and bank up sufficient earth 
to cover all but the roots. Cover plants in 
cold frames as severe weather approaches. 
Cardoon—Continue earthing up 11'. Pro¬ 
tect during winter, same as celery, which 
see. 
Carrots—Dig and store ff. to m. according 
to the weather. See article on keeping them. 
Cauliflower—Plant out m. in well prepared 
beds with frames for their protection. 
Cover with sashes as heavy frosts approach, 
admitting air daily unless the cold is severe. 
Harvest and store mature flowers. 
Celery—Earth up ff. Harvest, and pro¬ 
tect for winter m. to 1. See article on anoth¬ 
er page. 
Cold Frames—Make ready ff. as they 
will be called into requisition m. to 1. 
Compost—Prepare for hot beds, and for 
spring use. 
Currants—Plant out ff. to m. Cuttings 
may be taken off and kept in sand or earth, 
in cellars for spring planting. See article on 
page 304 of October number. 
Drain wet lands for early spring gardening. 
Figs—Cover, or carry to cellar, or cold 
grapery. 
Gooseberries—Plant out ff. to m. same as 
currants. 
Grapes—Cover tender varieties m. to 1. 
Plant If. to m. Old wood may now be cut 
out and the vines thoroughly pruned. 
Horse Radish—Dig up what is wanted for 
winter use, covering with earth in the cellar. 
Hot Beds—Prepare compost and collect 
leaves for them, ff. to m. 
Lettuce—Plant in frames f. to m. covering 
them upon the approach of severe weather. 
Mushroom Beds—Collect fresh horse drop¬ 
pings and make beds ff. to m. Attend to 
former ones, covering with brush and boards 
as cold weather comes on. Wet down with 
tepid soft water if the beds begin to fail. 
Parsnips—Dig and store in the cellar what 
are wanted for winter use, covering with 
earth. Leave those for spring use and for 
seed in the ground. 
Potatoes—Dig both common and sweet 
varieties ff. if not already done, storing from 
the frost. See directions for keeping roots 
on another page. Also a communication on 
page 327. 
Pumpkins—Place in cool dry situations 
under cover, until severe frosts require their 
being removed to the cellar, or other place 
where they will not freeze. Warmth and 
dampness are both injurious to the pumpkin. 
Raspberries—Laydown and cover tender 
varieties m. to 1. with litter or earth. Make 
plantations ff. to m. on subsoiled or trenched, 
well manured land. 
Rhubarb—Plant out ff. tom. dividing the 
roots to single crowns if desired. 
Salsify.—Dig for winter use f. to m. cov¬ 
ering in the cellar. Leave in the ground that 
wanted for spring. 
Spinach—Cover with cedar brush, salt 
hay, flags or straw, or protect in frames dur¬ 
ing the winter. 
Squashes—Protect same as pumpkins. 
Strawberries—Cover with coarse manure 
or straw, m. to 1. 
Trench or subsoil grounds for early plant¬ 
ing, ridging heavy or clayey soils. 
Turnips—Dig and store m. to 1. according 
to the season. See article in present num¬ 
ber. 
FLOWER GARDEN AND LAWN. 
Amaryllis,Tigridias and Tuberoses’should 
be lifted ff. to m. and thoroughly dried. Pack 
in boxes of dry sand or moss, and place in a 
room or airy cellar, away from frost or mois¬ 
ture. 
Bulbs—Lift late blooming varieties and 
remove to a dry cellar. Holland bulbs may 
yet be planted ff. if not done last mofith. 
Those intended for winter blooming, in hand 
glasses, should be placed in them ff. and 
kept in a cool room for about two weeks, 
when they may be taken to warmer quarters. 
Carnations, Pinks and Pansies in pots— 
Place in frames for winter, filling around the 
pots with leaves, sawdust or tan. Cover 
those in beds with leaves or frames. 
Dahlias—Lift and clean from earth ff. 
taking care not to shake them so as to break 
off the tubers. Cut off the tops and label 
with care and hang up, or put in boxes of 
sand in cool dry cellar, or room away from 
frost. 
Dasies, Polyanthus, &c., planted in shel¬ 
tered situations last month, should now have 
a covering of leaves to protect them from 
severe frosts. 
Erythrinas—Lift and keep as Dahlias. 
General appearance of Grounds—Collect 
and lay away all stakes, poles, &c. Rake 
and sweep up the decayed leaves from the 
alleys and lawn, using them as covering for 
tender plants. After covering carnations, 
pansies, dasies &c., with the leaves, throw 
over the whole a light covering of tan or 
loam, to prevent the leaves from blowing 
about. Let every thing be put in good order, 
with an aspect of neatness, that the eye may 
even contemplate with pleasure the grounds 
where are hibernating those plants which 
no longer gladden the eye with their beauty, 
or fill the air with fragrance. 
Gladiolus—Take up ff., and label, and 
either hang up, or put in boxes of sand in 
dry cellars, or rooms where they will not 
freeze. 
Half hardy shrubs, or large herbaceous 
plants should be protected as the weather be¬ 
comes severe, by covering with mats or 
placing barrels over them with a few holes 
in the top for ventilation, or they may be 
covered with rye straw neatly bound around 
them. 
Primroses—Protect as Dasies. 
Roses—Straw up tender varieties, or put 
them in a frame. Ventilated barrels or box¬ 
es will do to place over them. 
Shrubs-—Hardy varieties may be trans¬ 
planted ff. to m. 
Stakes, Dahlia poles &c.—Collect ff. and 
preserve undercover for another season. 
Stocks and Wall Flowers—Put in frames 
and protect as carnations. 
Trees—Plant deciduous ff. to m. about the 
lawn, digging large holes and filling around 
the roots with rich earth. 
Water sparingly as needed, but never 
when the ground is frozen. 
GREEN AND HOT HOUSES. 
Air every mild day, taking care not to al- 
