PHILIP HENRY GOSSE, F.R.S. 
299 
conceived and carried out the idea of a vivarium, in which 
marine animals and plants could be preserved for a lengthened 
period, without disturbance of the water, in a living and 
healthy condition, thus enabling the student to observe and 
record their habits from day to day, to note the varied phases 
of their development, their metamorphoses, and other 
peculiarities.” 
In plainer words, Mr. Gosse may be said to have almost 
created the Aquarium. The idea was accepted at the 
Zoological Society in 1852. Tanks were erected in their 
gardens, Regent’s Park, “ in which (so said the handbook 
issued at the time) the greater part of the British Zoophytes, 
Crustacea, Moliusca, and a considerable number of Fishes 
will, in the course of time, be exhibited.” Marine Aquaria 
were subsequently erected in the Jardin d’Acclimatation at 
Paris, at Hamburg, at Naples, at the Crystal Palace, and 
elsewhere. In connection with these the name of the late 
Mr. W. Alford Lloyd must ever be associated, for the singular 
ability and practical skill with which he grasped the principles 
and carried out the practical construction of large public 
Aquaria. Nor in the case of the Naples Aquarium must we 
omit the honoured name of Dr. Anton Dohrn, who devoted 
his lifetime and fortune to the establishment and maintenance 
of that important institution. To quote the words of the 
Saturday Review again:—“Marine Aquaria at once became 
popular ; Mr. Gosse’s ‘ Handbook ’ reached a new and 
enlarged edition, and, while the novelty lasted, there was 
hardly a town in England where, by some enterprising lover 
of natural history, the experiment had not been repeated.” 
Much of this enthusiasm has passed away, but the effect of it 
-—mainly due to his genius—was to prepare the public 
mind for such cognate undertakings as the Dredging 
Expeditions of H.M.’s ships Lightning and Porcupine , and 
subsequently, on a still grander scale, that of H.M.’s ship 
Challenger. It is not too much to say in connection with the 
last-mentioned—the reports of which have regularly appeared 
during the last nine years, in some fifty magnificent 
quarto volumes, worked out by all the most eminent 
Zoologists in the world—that when completed it will be one 
of the greatest scientific results achieved by any nation at 
any time. Everyone will, we think, admit, that before 
Mr. Gosse’s day an attempt by Parliament to vote a large sum 
of money out of H.M.’s Treasury towards such a questionable 
enterprise as the Challenger Expedition would have certainly 
failed! Yet another institution towards the establishment of 
which his labours operated as a powerful factor in the 
