310 
AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST. 
[October, 
Ish mucus, with the secretion from the eyes 
(through the lachrymal ducts), and coming 
from both nostrils, is usually from only one 
nostril, of a darker color, “sizy,” or gluey, 
in character, and adhering to the edges of the 
nostril. This appearance is distinctly appreci¬ 
able, even when following or attending the usual 
flow during strangles, catarrh, colds, etc. It is 
accompanied by a discoloration of the Schnei¬ 
derian membrane, that covers the septum, (the 
dividing wall between the nostrils,) which 
appears of a pale yellowish to brownish un¬ 
healthy color instead of the pink or reddish 
shade of health, or slight inflammation. At the 
same time, one or both of the sub-maxillary 
lymphatic glands (usually only one) becomes 
enlarged, and soon more or less callous and ad¬ 
herent to the bone. The locations of these 
glands are upon the inner sides of the lower 
jaw, near the spot indicated in the engraving. 
The condition of them must be determined 
by the feeling, and not by the looks. When in 
a healthy condition, they can be barely perceived 
at all. The condition of the septum being ac¬ 
curately observed, it will probably soon exhibit 
upon the pale, unhealthy surface, numerous or 
several small ulcers, which at first appear like 
little lumps, and then, small pinholes, or larger 
open sores, with light centres and dark outsides. 
The engraving represents a man’s hand holding 
the nostril open, so that the septum with the 
ulcers upon it, indicated by the figure 2, may be 
seen. The figure 1 shows (as indicated by a 
small black spot) the opening of the lachrymal 
duct, which is the channel that conducts the 
tears from the eyes to the nose, and which oc¬ 
curring as it does in that portion of the nostril 
having the color of the skin at the muzzle, is 
not likely to be confounded with the ulcers upon 
the light flesh-colored, or slightly discolored por¬ 
tion of the dividing wall or septum. These ap¬ 
pearances are easily distinguished from acci¬ 
dental hurts, which indeed rarely occur within 
the nose, for scratches or punctures present a 
very different appearance, and are not accom¬ 
panied by the gluey mucus, and discoloration. 
No person should carelessly examine a horse 
for the glanders. Any handling of the nostril 
is very apt to bring on a snorting and clearing 
of the nose of muco-purulent matter, which flies 
in every direction, and may easily inoculate a 
person with the virus. Proper caution requires 
taking a soft sponge, wet with warm castile-soap 
suds, thrusting it gently into the nostril and wip¬ 
ing it out perfectly clean, before a close examina¬ 
tion. The hands should be free from sores, and 
in case the horse blows, the operator’s head 
should be quickly averted. 
AVlien the symptoms above described, or any 
of them appear, the horse should be isolated 
from all others, and carefully watched, and as 
soon as there is no doubt that the disease is 
glanders, he should be killed and deeply buried. 
Since the above was put in type, a distin¬ 
guished veterinarian has given us the following 
full and accurate technical account of the 
symptoms of the disease for the Agriculturist: 
Glanders. —Its symptoms are, a continued 
flow or discharge, from one or both nostrils 
(generally the left), which discharge is at first 
thin and serous; then thick and glairy, like 
white of egg; but after a time becomes opaque, 
pirrulent, bloody, and very offensive, retaining 
however its viscidity. Soon after it commences, 
an enlarged gland may be felt under the lower 
jaw adhering to the bone. The next symptom 
noticed is one or more depressed ulcers, having 
sharp edges on the Schneiderian membrane 
which covers the septum; these spread widely 
and deeply, and lead to caries of the bone. 
Then the lips and eye-lids swell, the external 
parts of the face may become gangrenous, and 
the animal die in a few days with putried 
fever; or he may perish more slowly, the dis¬ 
ease spreading to the lungs. The distinctive 
symptoms are the continuousness of the dis¬ 
charge, and the adherence to the jaw of the 
enlarged submaxillary gland. 
Farcy, which has its seat in the lymphatic 
system, begins with hard, cord-like swellings of 
the lymphatic vessels and glands, (called farcy 
buds). These slowly suppurate, and form fistu¬ 
lous sores, which discharge a copious thin 
sanious matter; farcy always leads to glanders. 
--- - a . . 
Harvesting Buckwlieat. 
Buckwheat shells so readily, it requires great 
care in cutting, as well as in raking and setting 
it up. When cutting buckwheat with a reaper, 
if the gavels are raked off or thrown off with a 
fork, more grain will be shelled out than in any 
other way of harvesting. The best way to treat 
the gavels, when buckwheat is cut with a reaper, 
is to let one man walk close to the machine, and, 
taking hold of the tops, as often as a gavel is 
cut, place it on the buts. If the straw is not 
very heavy, perhaps he may do it more expedi¬ 
tiously with the aid of a good barley fork, or a 
large manure fork. Should the straw be very 
large and heayy, it may be necessary to stop the 
reaper every time a gavel is removed from the 
platform. Even should this be necessary, two 
men would cut and set up more with a good 
reaper, than with cradles and rakes, and would 
shell out less grain. After a few acres have 
been cut, let the gavels be straightened up and 
the tops bound, as represented by the illustra¬ 
tion of a stook 
of buckwheat 
herewith given. 
Only a few 
straws are nec¬ 
essary to bind 
the tops. Af¬ 
ter a gavel is 
bound, take 
hold of the stook 
stook carefully, with both hands, and raise it, 
and let it drop two or three times, to make it 
stand securely. This evening of the buts should 
be done also, when the gavels are raked by hand. 
The gavel of buckwheat, when bound at the 
top, becomes a stook rath^^r than a sheaf. 
When buckwheat is cradled, instead of cut¬ 
ting around a plot, or around the entire field, if 
the straw stands erect, it is better to cradle back 
and forth, entirely across one side of the field, 
so that two swaths will be laid with the tops 
together. By this means, a wide passage for 
the wagon will be prepared, between two rows 
of gavels, with two swaths in each row. When 
the stooks are arranged in rows on each side of 
a wagon, they can be pitched on much fiister 
than if standing irregularly over the entire field. 
Explicit directions are often given to cradlers 
when cutting buckwheat, to point in high, and 
point out as high as they point in, while the 
middle of the swath is cut close to the ground. 
The object is to leave high stubble for the buck¬ 
wheat to rest upon, which will keep it up from 
the ground, while it is curing. There is one ob¬ 
jection to such high stubble. The straw will set¬ 
tle down among it, and thus become entangled. 
Then, when the swaths are raked, a much 
larger quantity of grain’will be shelled out and 
lost than if the stubble were cut rather short. 
Swaths of buckwheat should be raked quite 
differently from other grain. We press the 
gavels of wheat and rye together with a rake to 
facilitate binding them; but the gavels of buck¬ 
wheat should simply be rolled along, keeping 
one leg constantly pressing against the buts to 
keep them even, so that they will stand erect. 
Thrusting the rake into the straw, handling it 
roughly, and jamming the rake down on the 
gavels should be avoided, as all such motions 
will shell out more or less grain. Careless boys, 
or heedless men, who handle the gavels roughly, 
will soon shell out more than enough to pay 
careful men for properly performing the work. 
When buckwheat is handled with the greatest 
possible care, there will usually be enough grain 
shelled out to seed the ground much thicker 
than is necessary for a crop. 
Advice Asked and Given. 
A correspondent, “ A. S.,” writes as follows: 
“ Will you kindly give a subscriber information 
as to whether it would pay for him to rent 
twelve acres of ground, say on Long Island, 
within a few miles of New York, and raise gar¬ 
den stuff for market, and keep one reliable man 
all winter, and the necessary extra assistance in 
busy season.” 
The above is selected from a number of let¬ 
ters asking similar advice, the most of which 
are unanswerable. For instance, a perfect 
stranger asks, if it will pay for him to buy a 
place in Maryland or Delaware, to raise fruit 
for the northern markets; another wishes to 
know if we would advise him to settle in Ten¬ 
nessee, or Missouri, etc. A little reflection will 
show any one how impossible it is to give advice 
upon any of these points without being inti¬ 
mately acquainted with the writer’s capabilities, 
experience, and means, and rather than make a 
guess in the dark, we are for the most part, 
obliged to decline answering except in the 
most general terms. The above letter is very 
easily answered-No. If the writer were an 
experienced gardener, he would not have asked 
the advice, and no experiment can be more 
risky than that of gardening of any kind with 
a view to profit, by a new hand. “But,” our 
friend will say—“ many do make market garden¬ 
ing pay.” It is true, they do, and one great ele¬ 
ment in their success is, they work hard them¬ 
selves. If we understand our correspondent, 
he wishes to hire both land and labor, and pocket 
the profits. The plan is about as feasible as to 
open a store of any kind and leave it in charge 
of a hired clerk. It might in some rare cases 
pay, but generally it would not. Successful 
culture, whether of vegetables or fruit, requires 
not only the personal superintendence of the 
proprietor, but that he should vrork with his 
own hands, and above all, that he should have 
a knowledge of the business. In competing 
with the skilful market gardeners near large 
cities, an inexperienced person has a poor 
chance. A few days in the earliness of a crop 
will determine its success or failure. For e.x- 
ample, a week ago tomatoes were bringing 
paying prices, while at the time we write, they 
can hardly pay for the picking and bringing to 
market. A knowledge of varieties, of the best 
means of forwarding them so as to get early 
crops, and of rotating crops so as to get the 
most possible from the land, are all necessary 
to success—and are just the points wherein a 
novice will fail. There are two ways in which 
