107 
the only practical and efficient method of dealing with this pest is the 
old one of grubbing out the affected plants as soon as they are noticed. 
It would be well, also, to discard those varieties known to be subject to 
the trouble. 
EXPLANATION OF PLATE. 
blackberry rust ( Cceoma nitens , Schw.). 
Fig. 1. Section through portion of leaf affected with rust; a a, ruptured epidermis 
showing below at b the mass of spores; c c, haustoria. By means of these 
the fungus draws its nourishment from the cells. X 100. Newcombe. 
Fig. 2. Part of section more highly magnified; m m m, mycelium surrounding cells 
of the host; h h, haustoria projecting within the cells. X 300. Newcombe. 
Fig. 3. Spores. X 600. Newcombe. 
Fig. 4. Section through spermogonium. X 300. Newcombe. 
Fig. 5. Spores germinating ; 24 hours in water. X 250. Galloway. 
Fig. 6 . Spore germinating ; 60 hours in water X 300. Galloway. 
Fig. 7. Section through piece of old underground stem, showing perennial mycelium 
and haustoria. X 300. Newcombe. 
FIELD NOTES- 1890 . 
By Erwin F. Smith. 
The field uaturalist often discovers interesting phenomena not im¬ 
mediately related to his own work—phenomena too fragmentary to be 
worked up separately, and yet sometimes of much value to others if 
accurately observed and duly recorded. Such must be my apology for 
the greater part of the following “ notes by the way.” 
PEACH LEAF CURL.* 
Heretofore, in this country, California orchards are the only ones that 
have been seriously affected by this widely distributed fungus. This 
spring, however, it caused great injury in certain districts east of the 
Mississippi River, and was more than usually prevalent in all the prin¬ 
cipal peach regions of the eastern United States. It was most destruc¬ 
tive 111 central Michigan and western New York, defoliating trees by 
the thousand in both localities. By the last of June the fungus had 
nearly disappeared, and the trees had partially recovered and were 
clothed with a second crop of leaves. But even in July the effects 
were plainly visible in enfeebled growths, yellowish foliage, and stunted 
fruits. Certain varieties suffered much worse than others, e. g ., Craw¬ 
ford’s Early. It seemed to me it would take some of the trees several 
years to recover. 
In Delaware and peninsular Maryland the fungus was unusually com¬ 
mon, but the orchards were not defoliated nor badly attacked. I also 
observed traces of the disease in Georgia in midsummer, but it did not 
appear to have attracted attention or caused serious injury. 
# Tnphrina deformans, Till. 
