2 1 
THE PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY 
knee breeches and hose; a similar figure to that at Barton. 
Above his head is a shield, 7in. long, with the arms of Bull 
impaling Botlier. Upon a plate, 19in. by 6in., is this 
inscription :— 
Here vnder resteth y e body of Iosias Bvll late of this 
towne gent: he tooke to wife Katherine Walshe widdowe 
DAVGHTER OF WlLLM BoTLIER OF TyES IN ESSEX EsQ. 
By whom he had issve 4 sonnes and 1 davghter: Josias 
Henry, George, John, and Ann : He deceased the 29 th 
of March Ano 1621. Abovt y e age of 50 yeares 
The children are represented upon a small plate beneath 
the inscription. 
(To be continued.) 
THE PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY. 
BY HERBERT SPENCER. 
Exposition of Part IV., Chaps. I and II. 
BY W. B. GROVE, B.A.* 
The first chapter of this part introduces the problems of 
Morphology, i.e., the discussion of the modes in which the 
shapes of organisms and of their proximate elements have 
been produced. It is shown that these problems fall under 
two heads :—(1) We have to consider the degree of com¬ 
position of the individual; (2) to investigate the outlines or 
forms of it and its component parts, and to show in both 
cases that our results agree with the general theory of 
Development. The two sets of factors by which Mr. Spencer 
says this morphological development is caused are the well- 
known mainstays of Darwinism—Inheritance and Adaptation. 
“Evolution implies insensible modifications and gradual 
transitions.” This truth, which has so profoundly modified 
the idea of a “ species ” entertained by pre-evolutionary 
naturalists—though it is but slowly, too slowly, pushing its 
way imo the writings of pure systematists—will now be seen 
to be applicable to every morphological proposition. 
The formation of organic beings commences with the 
famous “physiological units” which we have previously 
seen to be necessitated by the phenomena of genesis. These 
differ from the nitrogenous colloidal molecules of which 
organic matter is ultimately composed, only in being more 
complex, and consequently exhibiting greater sensitiveness 
* Transactions of the Birmingham Natural History and Micro¬ 
scopical Society. 
