Oct., 1892. midland union of natural history societies. 225 
far and near the bold escarpments of Carboniferous Lime¬ 
stone were visible, as it overlies unconformablv the softer 
Ordovician Shale. At the Lawnt, a quarry in the Limestone 
was visited, and characteristic fossils found in abundance. 
The scenery from this point as well as other points on the 
way is very picturesque, and of great interest to the geologist. 
The hills of the softer Ordovician Shale (Llandeilo) are, 
many of them, completely rounded by the action of the ice 
and other agencies, whilst the harder limestone hills, and 
especially the igneous rocks, have been better able to resist 
the action of those powerful agencies, and so stand out in 
bold scarps and outcrops. Abundant evidence is also afforded 
by the boulders which are found on the sides of the lulls, and 
by the polished and striated stones in the valleys (where 
preserved in the clays) that glaciers once filled these valleys, 
travelling more or less N. to S. 
From this point to Llanarmon the scenery was very fine, 
and the drive was rendered most enjoyable by the brilliancy 
of the sunshine and the clearness of the air. From Llan¬ 
armon an easy drive of two or three miles took the party to 
the granite quarries, where a substantial lunch was provided, 
Mr. Griffiths (of Clnrk) having kindly placed 5ne of his 
houses at the disposal of the Union for that purpose. After 
lunch, time did not suffice to do justice to the interesting 
strata here exposed. The ash beds, which cause the narrow¬ 
ing in of the valley and give rise to the towering and 
wooded cliffs on either side of the valley, were visited, and 
some interesting and remarkable splierulitic specimens of the 
rock were obtained by some of the party. It is hoped that a 
report upon this rock will appear in a subsequent number of 
the “ Naturalist.” Only a hasty visit could be made to the * 
Bala limestone and the fossiliferous shales above and below 
it; a fair number of fossils were nevertheless obtained. The 
so-called Hirnant limestone and the Llandovery and Tarannon 
shales could not be visited at all in the time at the disposal 
of the geologists. 
From Llansantffraid Glyn Ceiriog the route lay through 
the well-wooded valley of the Ceiriog nearly to Chirk, where 
the steep wooded hills due to the outcrop of the carboniferous 
limestone and millstone grit closed in the valley, and formed 
a striking feature in the landscape. A drive of three miles 
brought the party back to Gobowen in good time for the 
Great Western express to the south. 
BOTANICAL EXCUBSION, August 24th, 1892. 
The Botanical party, consisting of about sixteen members, 
led by the Rev. 0. M. Feilden, drove in brakes to Ellesmere, 
