July 1906 ] Notes from Mycological Literature 
171 
widespread economic loss such a disease as the present one can 
cause. He refers to the history of the Vine-Mildew — appear¬ 
ing in Europe for the first time on hot-house vines at Margate 
in 1845, it s P rea d the next year to hot-houses of that neighbor¬ 
hood. In 1847 it was reported from one locality in France; in 
1848 from several localities in France and Belgium. It spread 
rapidly to other countries. By 1854 the vineyards in France 
were invaded to such an extent that the yield was reduced to 
one-tenth or one-twentieth. Similar to the early stages of this 
history are the circumstances attending the first outbreak of the 
American Gooseberry-Mildew, sec. Mr. Salmon. 
Bulletin No. 85, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Depart¬ 
ment of Agriculture, by B. M. Duggar, treats of the Principles 
of Mushroom Growing and Mushroom Spawn Making. The 
preface states that as an outcome of the work Dr. Duggar has 
already accomplished, spawn of pure-culture origin is now being 
produced on a very large scale by several growers and is giving 
excellent results. This method enables the grower to insure and 
maintain the most desirable varieties of mushroom. 
Fichen Notes, No. 1, by G. K. Merrill, in the November No. 
of the Bryologist (1905), deals with Cladonia verticillata Hoffm., 
or Cladonia gracilis (L.) Nyl. var. verticillata Fr. The various 
North American forms receive extended comment. 
Frederick LeRoy Sargent’s IV and last installment of 
Lichenology for Beginners suggests an ecological study of these 
plants, and then outlines a mode of proceedure preparatory to 
identifying species with the aid of books on the North American 
species — a brief bibliography being given. The article closes 
with a sample Key for about three dozen species. 
On the Nomenclature of Fungi having many fruit-forms, 
Fy J. C. Arthur, in the Plant World, Volume 8, No. 3, March, 
and No. 4, April, 1905, places in clear light the question of 
choosing a name from a number of synonyms. The three stages 
of Wheat Rust, each when first discovered receiving a scientific 
name at the hands of botanists, is taken as an example for illus¬ 
tration. A point of great significance is contained in the follow¬ 
ing quotation: “It was Linneaus’ great contribution to nomen¬ 
clature that he restricted names to two terms, one generic and 
the other specific. By this change he did not eliminate the de¬ 
scriptive idea embodied in the name, but he did superpose the 
appellative idea He then proceeds to show that a name applies 
to the whole species, to all its variation in aspect, to every mem- 
Fer of the species, and to each individual in all its stages of de¬ 
velopment, and in all its structural parts. Issue is taken with 
Magnus and Saccardo, and the contention is fortified that there is 
no objection to placing the Uredineae, and all other fungi, under 
