320 
ANTHROPOLOGY. 
been put forward even as late as the time of Voltaire,* that lie 
worked ; the happy results of liis labours eventually being 
the establishment of this ideal. Anthropology like other 
sciences had to be followed on fixed laws, or rules, and one of 
the principal of these is to draw a distinction everywhere 
between what belongs to the brute and what belongs to the 
man ; then regard the position of man to animals. The 
capacity of brain power must be noted as being of the utmost 
consequence, and in his calculations Camper based his 
conclusions on the assimilation of the facial angle in the 
skull of the Negro to the angle derived from the cranium 
of the ourang-outang, and calculated his conclusions rather 
on this angle than on the cranial capacity. But although 
the skull of the Negro may show a lesser angle than that 
of the European, yet the capacity of the brain is, with a 
slight variation, the same. A further principle to be 
observed when investigating matters relating to man and his 
position in creation, is to admit no fact which is not supported 
by trustworthy documents, since, by strict adherence to this, 
everything which is puerile or tending to exaggeration and 
legend will be eliminated and excluded from science, while 
one of the most important factors in this branch of knowledge 
is to observe that all comparisons from extreme to extreme 
be only made by means of all the intermediate terms and 
shades possible. Comparison within recent years has been 
only by extremes, but anthropologists have endorsed the 
theory of Blumenbacli that it is only the extremes which 
seem to separate the human species into specific and decided 
races ; the gradual shades and continuous intermediate terms 
marked in man making him form but one mankind. 
Man must again be studied under three divisions, for on 
such is the true study of man founded —Philology and History, 
Relation of Paces to Climates, and Migrations and Intermixtures. 
In the investigation of man under this last head Philology 
comes into practical use, assisting and showing how to trace 
to their origin the various migrations and different minglings 
of race with race. 
The science lost its progenitor in 1840. Amongst the 
many rules this great anthropologist laid down was the great 
and general classification based on the characters presented 
by the configuration of the head, so different in the different 
races as to the proportion of the skull to the face, and the 
proportion of the encephalon to the organs of sense and jaw^s. 
* The great naturalist Linnaeus eyen erred so far as to describe 
man and arrange him in the same genus as the ourang-outang, the 
Homo nocturnus, H. Troglodytes, and II. sylvestris of that naturalist 
being no other than the ourang. 
