ANTHROPOLOGY. 
321 
The quintal arrangement of Blumenbacli is called in 
question as either having too wide a scope or not being 
sufficiently indicative of its meaning, and Waitz seems to 
think that this arrangement was founded on the corresponding 
geographical scheme of five parts of the globe. 
According to this division the Ethiopian, or black, and 
Mongolian were made to indicate the two extremes, the White 
race taking its place as the centre of the division, the American 
intervening between the White and Mongolian races, and the 
Malay between the Ethiopian and the White race or 
Caucasian ; thus— 
Mongolian ; 
American ; 
White race, or Caucasian; 
Malay ; 
Ethiopian, or black ; 
by which, assuming the unity of the human race, the 
Caucasian is made the centre of the system, and consequently 
must be regarded as the normal type of the human race. 
This system has, however, been proved untenable so far as 
the position of the various divisions one to the other is 
regarded, for in taking into consideration not only the shape 
of the skull but other anatomical differences and develop¬ 
ments, Waitz maintains that the White race and Negro, form 
the two extremes in any scale of division, the latter on 
account of his resemblance to the ape, the former because in 
him this apish resemblance almost entirely disappears. 
Notwithstanding the diversity of opinion which may have 
greeted the enunciation of such an hypothesis, there is so 
much in the crude theory of Blumenbacii that it formed the 
basis of further investigation, which resulted in the tabular 
arrangement I have previously given. Anthropologists even 
at the present time are, from their investigations, inclined to 
opinions which do not run in direct harmony with the tables 
laid down either by Blumenbacli or Waitz. Lacepede and 
Dumene were inclined to increase this quintal table by the 
addition of a sixth division or variety, embracing the Hyper¬ 
borean race of the polar regions ; while Virez (“ Nat. Hist, 
du Genre Hum.,” i., p. 318, 1834), points out as the sixth 
variety the Hottentots and Papuans. Cuvier, the naturalist, 
based his arguments on three varieties, viz., the Mongol, 
Negro, and Caucasian, which may indeed be accepted as the 
three pivots of the derivation of nations and races ; and while 
Pritchard, Smith, and Latham are inclined to adopt the 
division into five sections, Pickering assumes eleven, Bary 
fifteen, Desmoulins sixteen, and Agassiz and Nott assume an 
