ANTHROPOLOGY. 
823 
bracliyceplialous, derived from ppaxvs, “ short,” secpaXp, “head,” 
applied to those skulls where the relation of the longitudinal 
to the transverse diameter is such as 100 is to 80. This 
principle, although much in use amongst anthropologists, 
has not that great merit of decision in disposing the crania 
in their relative position regarding nationality, which its author 
had anticipated ; for both classes of these skulls may be 
found, and are, I may say, invariably found, amongst the 
same people ; nor must it be supposed that the projection 
backwards of the cranium is a sign of inferiority, for even 
amongst our own race are found both long heads, or 
dolichocephalic, and short heads, the brachycephalic. The 
further observations of Retzius began to convince him that 
the law he had laid down was less infallible than he had at 
first considered it, and clearly showed that such characteristics 
would not be regarded as a criterion of intellectual excellence ; 
but he further added two other distinguishing classes, or 
secondary classification, based on a point in the anatomical 
structure of the face, which is of more importance in anthropo¬ 
logical calculation, Figuier asserts (“Human Race,” p. 25), 
than any calculation made from the elongation of the cranium. 
This is the projectiveness of the human face, and has its 
description in the term prognathism from wpo, “forward,” and 
yvados, “jaw,” applying itself to describe the jutting forward of 
the teeth and jaws, and orthognathism , likewise derived from 
the Greek opdos, “ straight, and y vados, “jaw,” descriptive of the 
facial uprightness of the jaw. AVe now have the human crania 
in the following sections :— 
1. —Gentes dolichocephalic orthognatlne—or nations with 
long-shaped heads and uprightness in the jaw; or perhaps 
better, Hat-faced. 
2. —Gentes bracliyceplialie ortliognathie—nations with 
short heads and flat faces. 
8.—Gentes dolichocephalic prognathic—nations with long¬ 
shaped heads and protruding jaws. 
4.—Gentes brachycephalae prognathae—short-headed 
nations, with projecting jaws. 
Such were the divisions of Retzius, of which all four 
examples are met with in Asia in equal proportions; 
while the first and second, or examples of short-headed 
flat-faced and long-headed flat-faced crania, are found in 
Europe. The third and fourth division—the short-headed 
projecting-jawed and the long-headed projecting-jawed 
faces—predominate in the South Seas, not infrequently 
examples of the bracliycephalie ortliognatlue being found, 
