164 
Journal of Mycology 
[Vol. 8 
Reference is made to the experiments from 1892 to 1899, grow¬ 
ing wheat, oats and barley protected from atmospheric contagion 
— though rust appeared on the plants. The summary continues: 
“Seeds from rusted plants, it is asserted, are capable of giving 
rise to rusted plants, with no external source of infection; and 
the author believes that the rust fungus exists in the seed in a 
mycoplasmic form, and may so exist as long as the seed is viable. 
Seeds sometimes bear sori filled with teleutospores, but it is not 
from these spores that the infection is derived. While it is im¬ 
possible to demonstrate the mycoplasm, the fungus for the time 
having lost definite form and become intimately associated with 
the protoplasm of the host, yet many observations and experiments 
are arrayed by the author in proof of its existence. Moreover, 
certain analogous states have been observed in other organisms. 
Among the most striking instances are Rozella and Woronina, 
belonging to the Chytridineae, and parasitic on Saprolegnia. Ac¬ 
cording to the studies of Cornu and Fischer, when these plants 
penetrate the host they become diffused for a time in the proto¬ 
plasm of the cell, and are then quite unrecognizable. Afterward 
they assume the usual form and produce spores. In accordance 
with this theory rust may be checked by treating the seed in a 
manner to kill the mycoplasm. A change of climate, conditions 
of growth, etc., may also cause the death of the mycoplasm, which 
will account for the fact that seed from rust-infested fields when 
taken to another locality or a distant country often gives plants 
free from that particular kind of rust.” 
Apple Rots in Illinois is the title of an instructive Bulletin 
(No. 69 Ill. Agr. Exp. Sta., Feb. 1902) by G. P. Clinton, in which 
is mentioned briefly the four diseases, Brown Rot (Monilia fruc- 
tigena Pers.), Soft Rot (Rhizopus nigricans Ehr.), Fruit Blotch 
(Phyllosticta sp.), and Black Rot (Sphaeropsis malorum Berk.) : 
but the main portion of the Bulletin is devoted to the Bitter Rot, 
whose summer stage [Gloeosporium fructigenum Berk.] and per¬ 
manent or winter stage [Gnomoniopsis fructigena (Berk.) Clint, 
n. n.] were thoroughly investigated and are here fully described 
and illustrated. The author states that in practically all of the 
cultures that were made, including the Petri dish separation cul¬ 
tures, there developed in time an ascomycetous fungus that 
proved to be the permanent stage of the Bitter Rot. This gen¬ 
erally appeared, more or less matured, within two weeks after 
the cultures were started and usually after the Gloeosporium 
spores had chiefly disappeared after germination. So far as is 
known this is the first time that the permanent stage has been 
found. 
The Uredineae occurring upon Phragmites, Spartina, and 
Arundinaria in America, by Dr. J. C. Arthur is published in the 
July No. of the Botanical Gazette (34:1-20, 1902). The con- 
