308 
APPENDIX. 
dant. Yet F. A. Michaux states that in Maine, Vermont, and th© 
upper part of New Hampshire, &c., the hemlock forms three fourths 
of the evergreen woods, the rest being black spruce. It belongs to 
cold hillsides. 
The elm and black ash were very common along the lower and 
stiller parts of the streams, where the shores were flat and grassy 
or there were low gravelly islands. They made a pleasing variety 
in the scenery, and we felt as if nearer home while gliding past 
them. 
The above fourteen trees made the bulk of the woods which 
we saw. 
The larch (Juniper), beech, and Norway pine (Pinus resinosa, 
red pine), were only occasionally seen in particular places. The 
Pinus BanJcsianct (gray or Northern scrub-pine), and a single small 
red oak (Quercus rubra) only, are on islands in Grand Lake, on the 
East Branch. 
The above are almost all peculiarly Northern trees, and found 
chiefly, if not solely, on mountains southward. 
II. FLOWERS AND SHRUBS. 
It appears that in a forest like this the great majority of flowers, 
shrubs, and grasses are confined to the banks of the rivers and 
lakes, and to the meadows, more open swamps, burnt lands, and 
mountain-tops; comparatively very few indeed penetrate the woods. 
There is no such dispersion even of wild-flowers as is commonly 
supposed, or as exists in a cleared and settled country. Most of 
our wild-flowers, so called, may be considered as naturalized in the 
localities where they grow. Rivers and lakes are the great protec¬ 
tors of such plants against the aggressions of the forest, by their 
annual rise and fall keeping open a narrow strip where these more 
delicate plants have light and space in which to grow. They are 
the proteges of the rivers. These narrow and straggling bands 
and isolated groups are, in a sense, the pioneers of civilization. 
Birds, quadrupeds, insects, and man also, in the main, follow the 
flowers, and the latter in his turn makes more room for them and 
