APPENDIX. 
809 
for berry-bearing shrubs, birds, and small quadrupeds. One settler 
told me that not only blackberries and raspberries, but mountain- 
maples came in, in the clearing and burning. 
Though plants are often referred to primitive woods as their 
locality, it cannot be true of very many, unless the woods are sup¬ 
posed to include such localities as I have mentioned. Only those 
which require but little light, and can bear the drip of the trees, 
penetrate the woods, and these have commonly more beauty in 
their leaves than in their pale and almost colorless blossoms. 
The prevailing flowers and conspicuous small plants of the 
woods, which I noticed, were: Clintonia borealis, Linncea, checker- 
berry ( Gaultheria procumbens), Aralia nudicaulis (wild sarsaparilla), 
great round-leaved orchis, Dalibarda repens, Chiogenes hispidula 
(creeping snowberry), Oxalis acetosella (common wood-sorrel), As¬ 
ter acuminatus, Pyrola secunda (one-sided pyrola), Medeola Virginica 
(Indian cucumber-root), small Circoea (enchanter’s nightshade), 
and perhaps Cornus Canadensis (dwarf cornel). 
Of these, the last of July, 1858, only the Aster acuminatus and 
great round-leaved orchis were conspicuously in bloom. 
The most common flowers of the river and lake shores were : 
Thalictrum cornuti (meadow-rue), Hypericum ellipticum, mutilum, and 
Canadense (St. John’s-wort), horsemint, horehound, Lycopus Vir- 
ginicus and Europceus, var. sinuatus (bugle-weed), Scutellaria gale- 
riculata (skull-cap), Solidago lanceolata and squarrosa East Branch 
(golden-rod), Diplopappus umbellatus (double-bristled aster), Aster 
radula, Cicuta maculata and bulbifera (water-hemlock), meadow¬ 
sweet, Lysimachia stricta and ciliata (loose-strife), Galium trijidum 
(small bed-straw), Lilium Canadense (wild yellow-lily), Platanthera 
peramcena and psycodes (great purple orchis and small purple- 
fringed orchis), Mimulus ringens (monkey-flower), dock (water), 
blue flag, Eydrocotyle Americana (marsh pennywort), Sanicula Can¬ 
adensis? (black snake-root), Clematis Virginiana ? (common vir- 
gin’s-bower), Nasturtium palustre (marsh cress), Ranunculus recurva- 
tus (hooked crowfoot), Asclepias incarnata (swamp milkweed), Aster 
Tradescanti (Tradescant’s aster), Aster miser, also longifolius , Eu- 
patorium purpureum apparently, lake shores (Joe-Pye-weed), Apocy- 
num Cannabinum East Branch (Indian hemp), Polygonum cilinode 
(bind-weed), and others. Not to mention among inferior orders 
wool-grass and the sensitive fern. 
