206 
Shiv Ram Kashyap. 
MORPHOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL NOTES ON NEW 
AND LITTLE KNOWN WEST-HIMALAYAN 
LIVERWORTS. I. 
By Shiv Ram Kashyap, B.A., M.Sc., 
Professor of Botany , Government College , Lahore. 
[With Four Figures in the Text.] 
Introduction. 
rnHE liverworts here described were collected by the writer 
,, during the months of August, 1912, and July, August and 
September, 1913, at Mussoorie. 1 A few visits were paid to the 
place at other times in order to get an idea of the vegetation 
throughout the year. Mussoorie is a hill station in the north¬ 
western Himalayas, its exact position being 78° 71' E., 30° 26' W. 
Its height above sea-level is about 6,000 feet. 
A few words about the climate of the district will not be out 
of place, as the various adaptations in the plants described will be 
better understood in the light of the climatic conditions. The most 
important fact in connection with the climate is that there is a 
short rainy season, roughly from June to August, while the rest of 
the year is comparatively dry. The following table shows the 
rainfall and the number of rainy days for the last five years. I am 
indebted to Col. C. Milne, Civil Surgeon of Mussoorie, for allowing 
me the use of the figures which were obtained at the Civil Dispensary. 
Rainfall. 
January. 
February. 
March. 
April. 
May. 
June. 
July. 
August. 
September. 
October. 
November. 
December. 
Total of 
Year. 
Total of 
June to Sept. 
1909 
233 
3-18 
•03 
311 
•68 
17-65 
32-75 
37-45 
5-65 
•03 
•00 
2-39 
105 35 
93-50 
1910 
1-45 
1-10 
o 
© 
•88 
2-21 
9-89 
41-00 
31-76 
9-68 
5-80 
•27 
•32 
104-36 
92-33 
1911 
9-94 
•55 
1111 
•82 
•70 
4-84 
514 
17-23 
8-30 
1-70 
6-50 
•00 
66-83 
35-51 
1912 
2-48 
1-16 
1-98 
2-60 
1-86 
6-78 
29-20 
43-40 
14-59 
•00 
2-40 
1-08 
107-53 
93-97 
1913 
•20 
6’82 
3-22 
•09 
390 
25-12 
30-70 
16-92 
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— 
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1 Many of these species along with some others not mentioned here have 
been recently found by the writer in another part of the western Himalayas, 
i.e., the Chamba state. 
