New and Little Known West-Himalayan Liverworts. 207 
Rainy Days. 
January. 
February. 
March. 
April. 
May. 
June. 
July. 
August. 
September. 
October. 
November. 
December. 
1909 
7 
9 
1 
12 
2 
22 
23 
26 
7 
1 
0 
5 
1910 
4 
5 
0 
4 
6 
19 
30 
28 
19 
3 
2 
1 
1911 
13 
2 
13 
4 
2 
16. 
13 
16 
17 
2 
3 
0 
1912 
3 
4 
2 
4 
4 
11 
26 
30 
11 
0 
1 
2 
1913 
1 
9 
4 
3 
10 
16 
23 
19 
— 
— 
— 
— 
It will be seen from the above that the plants have to pass 
through a dry period representing the greater part of the year. In 
addition to the small amount of precipitation, insolation is very 
strong and evaporation very great, as in all mountain districts. In 
September, for instance, at the end of the rainy season, a fortnight 
of uninterrupted sunshine is sufficient to kill a large number of 
herbs growing as epiphytes or in exposed places. 
Connected with the long dry period, we find that many 
herbaceous plants have developed organs of perennation in the 
form of tubers, bulbs, rhizomes, etc. As examples may be cited 
many orchids, aroids, crassulaceous and many other flowering 
plants, epiphytic ferns, also two species of Selaginella 1 and Gymno- 
gramme leplophylla with its tuberous prothallus. The liverworts 
possessing such perennating organs are mentioned below and it 
will be seen that their number is pretty large. During the rainy 
season four or five inches of rain in twenty-four hours is not unusual 
and occasionally the rainfall may reach eight to ten inches. The 
force of the water on the slopes is naturally very strong and the 
plants have to be firmly fixed in order to escape being washed away. 
The thallose liverworts, including the Anacrogynous Junger- 
manniales, will be taken first. The latter series, although possessing 
some foliose forms, is here included in the thallose group as all 
these plants taken together form essentially one ecological class. 
Most of the plants described below can be found, with a little 
careful search, within half a furlong on many more or less exposed 
eastern slopes. This does not, however, apply to the species of the 
genera Cyatliodinm and Cryptomitrium which are adapted to light 
of a very low intensity, the hygrophilous genus Dumortiera, the 
genera Aneura and Metzgeria, and a species of Marchantia. The 
1 S. chryrorhizos with underground tubers, and S. chrysocaiilos with resting 
buds. My thanks are due to Professor Seward who had these species identified 
for me. 
