Nexv and Little Known West-Himalayan Liverworts. 209 
taken up in connection with individual species. The view expressed 
by Goebel after his study of Monoselenium tenerum (Flora, Bd. 101, 
1910) that simpler forms of the Marchantiales are reduced has been 
strongly confirmed in a general way. It has been possible to work 
out the relationships in some cases in detail. The following scheme 
indicates the probable evolution of the Marchantiales by reduction 
as judged particularly by the position and structure of the carpo- 
cephalum and sporophyte. 
Level of Marchantla 
Cyathodium, Targionia, and Aitchisoniella. 
The genera Cyathodium and Targionia have been placed 
together by most authors—as Schiffner, 1 Campbell, 2 Lang, 3 Lotsy, 4 
Goebel 5 and Cavers 6 —on account of the similarity of the male and 
female receptacles. Deutsch, 7 however, has recently called attention 
to the great difference between the two genera, but he has ignored 
Lang’s important contribution to the morphology of Cyathodium 
and has not added any new fact in connection with that genus. 
The study of Cyathodium tuberosum shows that the distance between 
the two genera is greater than has been supposed up to this time. 
1 Engler and Prantl. “ Natiirliche Pflanzenfamilien.” 
3 “ Mosses and Ferns,” 1905. 
3 ‘ The morphology of Cyathodium " Annals of Botany, 1905. 
4 “ Vortrage fiber Botanische Stammesgeschichte,” Band 2, 1909. 
5 “ Archegoniatenstudien, XIII. Monoselenium tenerum." Flora, Bd. 101, 1910. 
6 “ Inter-relationships of the Bryophyta.” New Phytologist, 1910, 
1911 ; New Phytologist Reprint No. 4. 
' “ A study of Targionia hypopliylla." Bot. Gazette, vol. 53, 1912. 
