New and Little Known West-Himalayan Liverworts. 215 
come to lie on the lower surface. The involucre is ovoid, opening 
by a circular or elliptic mouth. An interesting feature in connection 
with the female receptacle is that after fertilisation stiff short hairs 
similar to those of the tubers begin to grow from the base, apex 
and margins of the scales near the involucre, the ventral surface of 
the involucre and the margins and even the dorsal surface of the 
thallus for a short distance behind the apex. The number of these 
hairs is, however, not very large on the dorsal surface. 
The structure of the sporogonium presents some interesting 
features. The foot and seta are like those of C. cavernarum. The 
former consists of two branched cells and the latter of a row of 
cells. As usual there is an operculum, a thick-walled region and a 
thin-walled region in the wall of the capsule. The cells of the 
latter are full of starch before maturity of the capsule but later on 
are quite empty. The operculum may consist of four cells in the 
outermost tier but very often some of these cells divide so that the 
number is increased to six or seven(Fig. 1,/>, q). One of Griffiths’ 
figures 1 showing a part of the operculum of C. aureo-nitens shows 
clearly that this division also occurs in the latter species. The 
cells of the innermost tier are not eight as in C. cavernarum but 
sixteen to twenty. They can be easily counted by removing the 
operculum and examining it upside down. The diameter of the 
operculum as seen from the outside is about 80/a and the diameter 
of the whole capsule is 0 - 5 to 0-75 mm. 
The spores have long spinous projections as in C. cavernarum 
with a diameter of 40/a. The spore-mother-cells do not become 
lobed while undergoing division as is the case in Targionia liypophylla 
mentioned by Cavers- and also observed by the writer. The elaters 
are interesting on account of their shape and position. They are 
long slender structures, 500 to 550/a long, closely trispiral and have 
one end expanded and they are fixed to the capsule wall by this broad 
end (Fig. 1, r). Lang 3 describes the elaters of C. fcetidissimum as 
free. Goebel 4 has described similar fixed elaters in species of 
Jungermannia. Griffith 5 figures a part of the capsule wall with one 
elater partly inside. It may be a mere accident but it is, perhaps, 
an indication that the elaters are fixed in that species. The number 
of the elaters is very small. The largest number counted was thirty 
1 “ leones plantarum Asiaticarum,” Part 2, 1849, Plate 69, D. ii. 
2 “ Inter-relationships of the Bryophyta,” 1911, p. 24 of Reprint. 
3 “Annals of Botany,” 1905, p. 420. 
4 “Organography of Plants,” vol. 2, p. 99. 
3 “ leones plantarum Asiaticarum,” Part 2, 1849, Plate 69, D. ii. 
