1870.] 
AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST. 
333 
Cross-breeds and Grades. 
Tlie distinction between cross-bred animals 
and grades is so seldom insisted upon, that we 
are inclined to define the terms when used in 
connection. “ Grades ” among neat-stock, sheep 
and swine, are animals which hare thorough¬ 
bred sires, with 
more or less, or al¬ 
together common 
blood on the side of 
the dam; while a 
cross-bred animal 
has both sire and 
dam thorough-bred, 
but of different 
breeds; or it traces 
its blood on both 
sides to thorough¬ 
bred stock of clifFer- 
ent breeds. Thus, 
if a common cow 
has a heifer calf by 
a Shorthorn bull, 
the calf is a half¬ 
grade Shorthorn, 
and Tier calf, by a 
bull of the same 
pure breed, would 
be a three-quarter- 
grade Shorthorn. 
The next grade 
would be seven- 
eighths, the next fifteen-sixteenths, etc.—Any 
pure-blood cow, crossed with a pure bull of 
another breed, produces a cross-breed, which, 
crossed with a full-blood or another cross-breed, 
would represent no gradation of blood, but be a 
cross-breed still, combining and exhibiting with 
considerable distinctness, the characters of Us dif¬ 
ferent parent breeds, or the predominating ones. 
In the case of grade animals, the common or 
native characteristics are often almost lost in the 
half or three-quarter 
grades, except per¬ 
haps some long-cub- 7 
tivated points, like 77 ' 
the milking quali¬ 
ties of good, old, ft' 
native/. coivs,; which- 
a re'dftefi intensified 7 
in"their grade* ©ff- : 
sp'rihg. -This is sup- [ - i 
poked 7 to show the* 
streqgth.’of the vital 
power of the 'breed, 
which has;;* 7 as it 
were, . accumulated ■ 
throughf-many gen¬ 
erations,* By the use, . 
then, of thorough¬ 
bred sites, -w@ are i 
enabled to repro- * 
duos'* their valuable- tt 
characteristics ; M 
their grade AtO'Clcni? 
with -great 7 ; cmamyrsyo’? 
ty. Inferior speci- _ .ilgBone AOVGJmW© 
mcnS. Sal-way® sequifsifencf 08 do iri:@b do qoao &, 
among herds ofyrure stock. -.’These nii^t'bfc scfld ' 
atlowpriees, or-sentto-the'Shambles;; Theymay/j? 
however, if fenialesyb'enased; to/great attvanthgeru 
often in : breeding-CraSs^breeds. ' ' As a fete, trtftie*! 
butrexcellent animais shonkl be used ;as sireti of 7 
either thofough-bteds, grades 1 ,' or crbsS-;br<3eds.n 
T6 ill ustratc tlie. 1 successful combination of the I 
traits and pointsof widely dffFering.bre^tlSf we 
introduce the three-year-0id 7 heifer ii«xay Evyek ;: 
bred by Robert Trimpbr, of Valatie-/ Nv Y ; She 
is the result of a preconcerted plan of crossing, 
whereby Mr. Trimper designed to produce good 
size, feeding capacity, and constitution, and a 
great yield of milk of high quality. Ilis success 
in this and several other experiments has been 
very uniform. Lizzy Iluyck is out of a pure 
Shorthorn cow, (Lady Gifford), a deep milker; 
CROSS-BRED HEIFER, “LIZZIE HUYCK.” 
and by a cross-bred bull, which was out of a 
Shorthorn and Ayrshire cow, and by a pure Jer¬ 
sey bull. This makes the heifer, Lizzy Huyclc, 
J | 2 Shorthorn by the dam, '[a Shorthorn, ‘la Ayr¬ 
shire, and 'I, Jersey by tlie sire—or, to state it 
differently, 6 | e Shorthorn, 4 Jersey, and ^a Ay©o 
shire. She calved January 3d, 1870.; The first' 
trial was begun January 11th ; ; theweek follow¬ 
ing she gave an average«ofT4 i jquarts .of milk a 
day, and made 11 poufids of? butfter, The next 
THE SMALL HARVEST. MOUSE.— ^eithrodon'hwHtlis.\ 
trjalw^.begijin February Hfli; she gave 16 quarts 
of-milfca'd^ antLipadejlS 1 ^ pounds of butter, 
jTheffeosf ©f- ; foody ■jyjhdejfc consisted -of “bay,; 
\c0nfo sft£>1 fes; ffid ground; f©e$ ”?f$r fbo-. first week, * 
iwas aboirt-;3'jbeCs.:a. jday* wk-lqhj.wUh butter at 
45 to 55 cts. a pound, paid-very well. For the 
second trial,.the: feed Cost 4%.c©I a day,-: Other 
trials -wefe no t ;aaa4<^-4a the -milk w as, req.u i red 
’fteusC Theiengriiving is fif>m,a|?hqtograph, and 
repirCsents the p'dihts pi/tM i£ Shbrthoi'K with 
those of the Ayrshire, while the quarter of Jersey 
blood seems to disappear, to show in the pail. 
Our Native Mice 
The mouse which is best known, on account 
of its frequency in our houses, is a native of the 
old world, and be¬ 
longs to a different 
genus from any of 
our native species. 
Wo are accustomed 
to speak of wild 
mice, or field mice, 
as if there were but 
one, whereas there 
are over fifty differ- 
entspecies described 
by naturalists. Some 
of these are found 
from Labrador to 
the Southern States, 
while others are of 
very local occur¬ 
rence. The explora¬ 
tions of the far West 
and of the Pacific 
Coast have, within 
a few years, greatly 
increased the num¬ 
ber known to sci¬ 
ence. The genera 
arc mainly distin-, 
guisked by the structure of the teeth. There 
are some twenty species of Field Mice belonging 
to the genus Arcicola. About fifteen of White- 
footed Mice,*and- four of Harvest 
Miqe ,'MeitfmafipmMM Harvest Mice have short, 
hairy ears.anl tail, and Abe upper incisor teeth 
have a longitudinal-phR/niiel along the front face. - 
The one figured-is Abe Little Harvest Mouse of 
South Carolina and, gome ptlmr of the Southern 
States yEeiflircfSan^lm'Hiilis* • It is ab,qut 2i inches 
long from the, nose 
to the tail, which 
is shorter than the. 
head and body. The 
color is reddish ? gray 
above, yellowish- 
white below, with a 
buff.-colored %e, 
|, i: (Separating the cob- 
,j ©ts, of the .baejsj and, 
the under, surface.. 
It builds a pei-jt upon 
the surface of the 
ground, arnpug the 
rJO Iong, grass, using 
as a material, soft 
anc\ withered grass. 
This species is not 
considered particu¬ 
larly injurious, to 
the farmer, as the 
] stores in its nests 
- have-been found to 
;.. f be. mainly tlie-seeds 
y/ofj ; ..,\yild,, -. grasses. 
eit.ftb?;9.b iazmh ifoo? 
mice -are very clesfruGtive to. young.; fruit, and 
other jtpeqg) by: girdling, (lpein. duping Abe -winter.. 
Manure iu Pastures, 
As a. rule, the droppings of cattle in pastures 
: are not spread,- They fertilize a very, small 
j space,,.and the | grass gr-Qws, so,rankly, that the. 
i cattle, will not^puckit,. until they are; forced by 
hunger. These.little,green blotches are noticed 
