823 
AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST. 
Carrots—Dig and store the remaining crop, f, m. 
Celery—Continue to earth up, IT, in dry weather. Har¬ 
vest, m, 1., and cover in trenches, or better on level ground, 
standing it upright. 
Cold Frames—Have in readiness, If, and set in them, f, 
m, the cabbage, cauliflower, lettuce plants, etc., requir¬ 
ing Winter protection. Cover with glass or shutters dur¬ 
ing cold nights, but keep open by day as long as the 
weather will admit. When Winter sets in cover securely, 
banking up about the sides, and put straw, leaves, etc., 
over them to exclude frost. Open for a short time every 
mild day during Winter. 
Compost and Manures for Spring use—Prepare a good 
supply as opportunity offers. 
Currants and Gooseberries—Plant roots, ff, m. Make 
cuttings and prune old bushes. Remove a portion of the 
earth from bushes preyed upon by insects and replace it 
with distant fresh soil and compost. The larvse will thus 
be destroyed or hatch where they will do less injury. 
Manure the plants both to enrich and mulch them. 
Drain and trench stiff heavy soils to facilitate early 
working in Spring. They may be planted a week earlier, 
if thoroughly drained, besides standing drouth better. 
Figs—Bank up about the trunks and bend and cover the 
branches with earth, straw, or evergreen brush. 
Fruit Trees—Plant in all suitable places as directed 
under “ Orchard.” 
GrapeVines—Plant roots and layers, ff, m. Prune, at 
the same time making cuttings. Lay tender sorts upon 
the ground and cover with earth. Every garden should 
have a few vines. 
Mice rarely trouble the vegetables left in the ground 
over Winter, if no rubbish is at hand for them to harbor 
in or bury beneath. Set traps or poison in cold frames. 
Mushroom Beds may still be made, ff, m, in the cellar, 
or under cover. Examine former beds, protecting those 
in the open air from frost. 
Onions—Cover, m, those left in the ground over Winter. 
Parsneps, salsafy and scorzonera (black salsafy), are 
apparently improved by freezing in the ground. Dig, m, 
1-, only what are wanted while the ground is frozen, and 
cover them with earth in the cellar. 
Raspberries—Plant out, ff, and bury canes of tender 
sorts, f, m. 
Rhubarb—Set roots and crowns, ff. m. Cover with 
coarse manure to enrich the soil and mulch the roots. 
Spinach—Cover with straw, sedge, or evergreen 
boughs, m, 1, previously hoeing and thinning the plants. 
Squashes—Carry to a dry cellar, or room where they 
will not freeze, before severe weather. The Hubbard, 
and eveh the marrow variety may be kept until near 
Spring—the former until quite that time. Save seeds. 
Strawberry Beds—Cover lightly with manure, as a 
partial protection and to enrich the soil. 
Turnips—Harvest, m, to 1, according to the climate. 
Let them grow until there is danger of freezing. 
Flower Garden and Lawn. 
Put every thing in neat order to preserve all the at¬ 
tractions j ossible during the Winter. One of the first 
things will be to take in the remaining plants which are 
too tender to be wintered Out of doors. 
Anemones and Ranunculuses do better when covered 
during the Winter with coarse manure, or forest leaves. 
Bedded Plants—Lift, ff, and put in pits, or take to 
Hie houses, clioiCG geraniums, carnations, petunias, 
fuchsias, salvias, verbenas, etc. 
Bulbs—If still out of ground, plant, ff, hyacinths, 
crown imperials, tulips, crocuses, snow-drops, etc. They 
will bloom better for having a good coating of coarse 
manure and leaves during Winter. Pot a few for flow¬ 
ering in-doors. 
Chrysanthemums—See illustration and article on page 
310. They are now almost the only plants in bloom. 
Transplant, 11. 
Climbers—Most of these, like the clematis, ivy, honey¬ 
suckle, climbing rose, etc., come out fresher in Spring 
when taken from trellises and laid upon the ground. A 
light covering of earth, straw, or leaves, will still fur¬ 
ther protect them. 
Dahlias. Gladioli, tuberose, etc., should be taken up 
as soon as killed by frost. Label and pack in boxes of 
dry sand in the cellar, or where they will not freeze. 
Flower stalks and rubbish of all kinds should be re¬ 
moved from the grounds; walks, beds and lawn raked, 
that clean, neat premises may always welcome the sight. 
Frames and Pits—Place all the plants intended for 
these in their proper places, f, m. Admit air until hard 
frosts, when they should be covered as directed for" Cold 
Frames ” under the “ Kitchen Garden.” 
Hedges may still be planted, ff. Leave evergreen 
hedges until next Spring. 
Lawn—Give a coating of fine manure to protect the 
roots and enrich the soil. 
Ornamental Work, such as Vases, Baskets, Urns, 
Wire Work, etc., should now be stored under cover. 
Repaint those needing it. 
Perennials, such as paeonies, dicentra, hollyhocks, fox¬ 
glove, etc., can now be separated and replanted. They 
will do better than when transplanted in the Spring. 
Roses—Plant, ff, m. Take down climbing and pillar 
sorts, and cover all tender ones with a few inches of soil. 
Those in pots should now be returned to the house or 
conservatory. 
Shrubs and Ornamental Trees—Plant, ff, m, in appro¬ 
priate places upon the lawn. ‘They usually give the finest 
effect when set in clumps or masses. 
Tender shrubs and small Trees require some Winter 
protection. Strawing up is usually practiced, but branch¬ 
es of evergreens set up about them and drawn in with 
twine, answer an excellent purpose. 
Greens ami Mot Hoiases. 
These should now be in thorough repair, well stocked, 
and the collections intended for forcing supplied with 
stove heat. The most that is requisite is to keep an even 
temperature, air freely, and water occasionally. 
Annuals sown last month are now ready for potting. 
Bulbs—Put a few in the curiously shaped pots shown 
on page 21 of this volume, (Jan. No.) ff, and place them 
in a warm situation for forcing. Others may be kept in a 
cooler location to succeed them. 
Camellias are beginning to push out anew, and some 
of the flower buds are w ell swollen. Syringe and water 
more freely, giving them light and air. 
Chrysanthemums and other plants brought in flower 
from the borders, require some heat and water. 
Fires—Start them only as needed among the tender 
plants, and those to be forced. A little heat may be ne¬ 
cessary to dispel the fogs and damps of this season from 
hardy collections even. 
Grapes—Prune and lay down, or tie up vines which 
have ripened their wood. Give them a season of rest 
now. If ihe roots are in an outside border, cover it with 
manure, straw, etc. 
Insects—Keep them down by syringe, and with tobac¬ 
co fumes. It is far better and much easier to keep them 
in check, than to exterminate them after they have got a 
strong foothold. 
Pots, Tubs, and Boxes containing growing plants, 
should be frequently examined. Keep the drainage open, 
remove weeds and moss, loosen the soil and, add liquid 
manure or rich earth to those plants which are flagging. 
Prune or pinch to a good form, and have them all arranged 
in a convenient handsome order—the lower growing va¬ 
rieties in front. 
Roses—Many of these have been brought from the 
borders while in bloom. Strive to keep them so, by prop¬ 
er warmth, as there will now be a dearth of flowers. 
Soil for Potting—Have a large quantity mixed under 
cover, and in readiness for use. 
Verbenas, Petunias and Pelargoniums—Make provis¬ 
ion lor increasing the stock of plants. Shift a few to 
blooming pots, and place near the flues for forcing. 
Water—As few of the plants are now growing rapidly, 
only moderate waterings will be needful. 
Apiary isa Mov. 
BY M. QUINSY. 
When bees are properly managed, there is less to be 
done this month than any other. They do not even re¬ 
quire the attention that is necessary in the Winter months. 
The first severe freezing seems to chill them more than 
the severity of January, and any one that was deterred 
from making thorough examinations of his stocks through 
fear had better take advantage of this period to effect it. 
Such as can not be wintered for want of stores, or bees, 
had better be taken up even now. The benevolence that 
would avoid taking the lives of bees now, and then al¬ 
low them to starve, or freeze on account of the small¬ 
ness of the colony before Spring, is sadly misdirected.... 
There are often many neglected jobs about the Apiary, 
that should now be attended to. The surplus empty box 
es that are left on the hives should be removed to some 
dry place before they become moldy or rusty. If put where 
the mice have access to them, set the holes downward, 
to keep them from the inside. When the bees are not to 
stand out through the Winter, the holes in the top of the 
hives may be closed, and the covers to the glass boxes 
not in use should be put under shelter. The weather af¬ 
fects them more while lying idle, than during all the time 
they are really in use.... Perhaps in the absence of much 
necessary work, it might be well to get the hives for 
another year ready. Such hives as are to receive a coat 
of paint, can not have it put on too long beforehand, that 
the rank smell may all pass off. There is much reason to 
believe from the frequency that bees desert newly paint¬ 
ed hives, that it is in consequence of the disagreeable 
odor_It is not my province to dictate in this place, 
what hive shall be used, yet a little advice may be accept¬ 
able to beginners. First. Let there be no divisions in 
the apartmemt used for brood and Winter stores—It should 
be sufficiently large for both purposes. An arrangement 
for receiving the surplus honey should be combined with 
any hive —the top seems to be the proper place, as bees 
work more readily there than at the side. Whenever 
urged to buy a patent hive, and as an inducement to do so, 
you are told that m consequence of its peculiar shape, 
bees will collect fabulous quantities of honey, you had 
better signify your incredulity, or decline the purchase. 
One hive possesses no advantages over another in this re¬ 
spect, if the apartment is sufficiently spacious, and allows 
the bees to work in their natural order. They will col¬ 
lect as much honey in a flour barrel as anything. The im¬ 
provements in a bee-hive can be only in the facility of 
managing the bees, dividing the surplus honey from the 
Winter stores, examining the interior, and remedying 
any defect that appears, thus prolonging the existence 
of the stock, etc., thereby indirectly increasing the pro¬ 
duct of honey. 
-om- . — 
Breeding In-and-in. 
BY A CATTLE BREEDER.-NO. V. 
to Mr. Clay’s extended reply to my last communica¬ 
tion I have not much to say, as no new line of argument 
or additional matter to what he has before asserted is set 
forth. It is not at all probable that either of us will con¬ 
vince the other that he is foiled in his argument, or mis¬ 
taken in his position. To one remark in Mr. C’s. last, let 
me refer, viz.: the close breeding—as he prefers that 
term—of the human family. That was introduced by Mr. 
Clay, after my comments on his article in the Ohio Farm¬ 
er—not by me. I denied, from the first, its immediate anal¬ 
ogy to the brute creation, from the superior mental organ¬ 
ization of humanity over the other ; and what I have re¬ 
marked in relation to the human family has been inci¬ 
dentally, rather than directly, and it stands for what it is 
worth, as the illustration of a general principle in animal 
physiology. 
Mr. Clay will excuse me from entering upon the con¬ 
troverted questions of the superiority, or inferiority, of dif¬ 
ferent existing families, or bloods of imported, or improved 
stock, touched upon in his last, as they are not neces¬ 
sarily connected with our subject, and their discussion 
would be of no particular edification to the public. 
Where we do not agree as to matters of fact, or record, 
we still must disagree, denying the correctness of each 
other’s premises and authority. Our readers must judge 
between us, and draw their own conclusions, as the reas¬ 
sertion of our previous statements or positions will prob¬ 
ably not convince a single reader who has reasoning pow¬ 
ers of his own. Therefore I will close the subject on my 
part with a few general remarks and illustrations. 
I consider it to be perfectly well established in the hu¬ 
man family, that where persons, diseased, either consti¬ 
tutionally from birth, or chronic, by accident, neglect, 
exposure, or other cause, produce children, those chil¬ 
dren will in a majority of cases inherit such disease to 
more or less extent. It may not appear for many years, 
perhaps not at all, unless some extraordinary exposure or 
accident draws it out, or develops it. Still such disease 
is latent in the system. Consumption is among such dis¬ 
eases, although generally supposed to arise solely from ex¬ 
posure, and the contraction of heavy cold in the system. 
Scrofula of various kinds, more or less virulent, is anoth¬ 
er, and among the most insidious of diseases—scarcely 
to be eradicated at all. Syphilis, even, has been per¬ 
petuated for several generations in families, Dy descent 
only; and prominent instances of the fact are seen in 
some of the fragmentary tribes of Indians still living in 
our older settlements, the majority of these on whom the 
curse is entailed, dying years before the meridian of life 
is attained, so neglectful have they been of medical 
treatment, and wholesome living. And all these diseases 
exist, have existed, and will exist irrespective of whether 
the intermarried be cousins, or any-other degree of con¬ 
sanguinity, or entire strangers in blood and locality, until 
brought into personal relations with each other. 
Yet, as I.have before observed, imagination, association, 
sympathy, and the various mental qualities with which 
man is endowed, may, and unquestionably do affect, more 
or less, his offspring, from the moment of conception to that 
of birth, and even afterwards, drawn from the breast of 
the mother into the child, and in its physical organization 
made a part of its constitution and nature. Man 
thus is a compound of animal and mind, each act¬ 
ing through its natural organization on the other, 
according to their separate and individual strength, 
and so molding the character of both body and in¬ 
tellect to an extent of which the brute is physically in¬ 
capable. The instances I have already given of the 
merely animal functions of the human family being dam¬ 
aged by the intermarriage of blood relations under fa¬ 
vorable circumstances, have fully substantiated my posi¬ 
tion, even in this line, which I did not claim as within 
my original subject. And, to show how widely different 
is the descent of mankind from those of brutes, I will 
name a familiar instance within my own observation. 
I know three brothers who married three sisters, and a 
brother of the sisters 'married a sister of the brothers. 
They were all healthy, well conditioned, intelligent per¬ 
sons, born and brought up together in the same neighbor¬ 
hood. The four families thus constituted, all had chil¬ 
dren. Each family of children resembled one another 
quite as much as children of the samo family usually do : 
and one would suppose that each separate family of chil¬ 
dren would much resemble the others. But such is not 
at all the case. Neither family resembles the other in 
feature, or idiosyncracy of character, more than if they 
were entire strangers, although the four parents on both 
sides bore a marked family resemblance each to the oth 
er, on their own sides. And more than all this, a couple 
of these double cousins have intermarried, without prog 
eny, as yet, but which, if it ever appear, I shall look upon 
with some interest. 
Now, such a variety of appearance in the offspring of 
the brute creation, if of the same breed or variety—and 
from such only have we a right to expect truth, or homo¬ 
geneousness in descent—can scarcely be found. It be¬ 
longs only to the human family, and the reasons for which 
may be found in what I have already written in previous 
papers. 
In my last paper, giving the pedigrees of various noted 
horses, and showing many of them to be very closely bred, 
either in themselves, or their immediate ancestry, I did 
not analyze their degrees of relationship, as any one cu¬ 
rious in that way could readily do so for himself; but 
these were full brothers and sisters, half-brothers and 
sisters, sire and foal, and most other degrees of relation 
that could exist in the way of breeding—enough so to 
establish my position as to the good effects, or at least 
the absence of bad effects under proper circumstances, of 
breeding animals closely in-and-in. 
I will give still further instances. Those conversant 
with the domestic history, habits and taste, of the Eng¬ 
lish people, have read of, if not seen, that there are kept by 
