THE 
New Phytologist 
Vol. XVIII, Nos. i & 2. 
Jan. & Feb., 1919. 
[Published March 9th, 1919.] 
THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OP THE 
COMPOSITE. 
By James Small, M Sc. (Lond.), Ph.C. 
Chapter X. 
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE COMPOSITE. 
A LTHOUGH morphological characters must always be the 
primary data in the determination of the apparent affinities 
and evolutionary history of species, geographical distribution 
furnishes an obvious but somewhat neglected test of the truth of 
any deductions from structure. For instance, the Calenduleae are 
practically confined to Africa and are unknown in America with the 
exception of one monotypic genus, Eriachaenium, which occurs in 
the Magellan region. Although this genus may be placed quite 
properly in the Calenduleae from a taxonomic point of view, it is 
clear that its evolutionary history differs from that of the other 
genera in the tribe. 
Up to the present point the affinities and evolutionary history 
of the tribes and sub-tribes have been traced only from morpholog¬ 
ical and physiological data. This chapter, which is an extension of 
a paper by the author (67) on the same subject, includes, in addition 
to the main outlines of the history of the subject, an account of the 
distribution of Senecio in some detail and of other genera, together 
with a discussion of these data in the light of recent developments 
in geographical botany and of the phyletic suggestions contained in 
the previous chapters. 
A. History. 
The most important contribution to the subject of this chapter 
is Bentham’s elaborate exposition (I, 7), which covers the whole 
field from the older, purely taxonomic point of view. 
General problems are dealt with by De Candolle (IX, 11). 
Darwin (II, 16), and Wallace (IX, 41). Don (I, 25) gives an 
analysis of the distribution of the Cichorieae known at that date 
