Origin and Development of the Composite. 11 
is shown by S. Ledebouri , S.B., and 5. altaicus, S.B., and is 
extended along the mountains of Afghanistan and Persia to the 
Persian Gulf by 5. dubius , Ledeb. The second path lies along the 
east of Mongolia and Tibet by way of the Yablonoi, Khin-gan and 
Sin-ling Mountains from Siberia to the eastern Himalayas. This 
path is taken by 5. Ligularia, Hook. The eastern Himalayan 
region is connected with the southern Chinese provinces by at least 
seven species of Senecio, and 5. scandens extends beyond that region 
to Ceylon, the Neilgherries and Burma. A further extension from 
the eastern Himalayas is shown by S. araneosus, D.C., which occurs 
from China through Sikkim to Ceylon and Java. India and Java 
are also connected by S. tenuifolius , Burm. Other species with 
smaller areas again link up the parts of both the eastern and western 
paths through Asia. 
Asia to Europe. The extension of the west Tibetan path 
into Europe is shown in detail by S. sibiricus, L., which occurs 
from Dahuria and the Yablonois via the Altai Mts. and Turkestan, 
the extension being along the Caucasus and Carpathians to the 
Alps. Part of this path together with a much wider extension 
of area into the plains of the Eur-Asiatic region is covered by 
S. sarracenicus, L., 5. paludosus, L., 5. sylvaticus, L., S. erucifolius, 
L., 5. prcealtus, Bertol., and S. br achy dice his, D.C. The Siberia- 
Caucasus-Carpathians part of the path is covered by 5. capitatus, 
Steud., and other shorter parts by other species. 
Asia and Europe to Africa. The further extension of the west 
Tibetan path into Africa is shown in detail by 5. coronopifolins, 
Desf. This species occurs all over Europe and northern Asia, 
and through Turkestan, Afghanistan, Baluchistan, Persia, Syria, 
Palestine to Egypt, the Sudan and Abyssinia. S. erraticus, 
Bertol., and 5. Jacobcea, L., extend this area to north-west Africa, 
including Algeria and the region north of the Atlas Mts.; the 
former species extends even to the Azores. 
An interesting species is 5. Decaisnei, D.C., which, although 
it extends north-east into Asia only as far as Afghanistan, occurs 
also in India, and from northern Arabia across Africa to Morocco 
and the Canary Islands, and south through Nubia, probably as far 
as South Africa. This connection between north and south 
Africa is confirmed by S. maritimus, L., which occurs commonly 
in the Mediterranean region and in South Africa. In addition to 
the above-mentioned species 5. Schimperi, S.B., links up Arabia 
and Abyssinia, while 5. arabicus, L., connects Arabia, Egypt and 
