12 
James Small. 
Nubia. There are also a number of species, such as 5. nebrodensis, 
L., S. vernalis , Wald., and 5. squalidus, L., which are widespread 
within the Mediterranean region, thus linking up Asia, Europe and 
Africa. 
Europe to Africa. A connection is made between Europe 
and Africa at the western end of the Mediterranean by a number 
of species with areas varying from that of S. crassifolius, Willd., 
which extends from France and Spain to Italy, Sardinia, Algeria, 
Morocco and the Canary Islands, to that of S. Auricula, Bong., 
which occurs only in Spain and Algeria. 
Africa. The path of migration in Africa is clearly along the 
mountains of the east coast. The first step is shown by 5. tuber- 
osus, S.B., which extends from Abyssinia into Galla. The path is 
extended to Mozambique by S. subscandens, Hochst., and to Natal 
and the Transvaal by S. picridifolius, D.C. The southern part is 
covered by S. paucifolius, D.C., which extends from the Zambesi 
into the east and south of Cape Colony, and the northern part is 
covered by S. longiflorus, S.B., whieh extends from Abyssinia to 
the Kalahari Desert. Other species again form smaller links in 
the chain. 
Two interesting species in the west are 5. Mannii, Hook., 
and S. clarencianus . Hook, which both occur in the Cameroons 
and Fernando Po. This is a case similar to that of Fuegia and 
the Falkland Islands species, but the distance between the two 
localities is only about 70 miles. A more striking case is 5. Leuca- 
dendron, Benth., which occurs on St. Helena and on Prince’s 
Island, 1 the distance in this case being nearly 1,500 miles. In this 
region the south-east trade winds may well he the distributing 
agent of the pappose fruits, and in view of the evidence given in 
Chapter IX, a journey of 1,500 miles over the sea is not improbable 
for a fruit of the Senccio type. 
Centres of Concentration. 
As the basal genus of the family it is to be expected that 
Senecio will have a considerable share in the predominance of the 
Composite in the higher regions of the mountains throughout the 
world. There are many species with very limited areas, but as 
shown above there are also the usual proportion of widespread 
species. It will be obvious from the distribution of the red dots on 
the map (Fig. 29) that these local species are most abundant along 
1 This extension to Prince’s Island is supported only by one specimen 
in Herb. R.B.G., Edinburgh, concerning the collection of which there is no 
detail known. 
