Origin and Development of the Composites. 17 
sub-tribe is given (Fig. 30). The close similarity between this map 
and the previous one (Fig. 29) will be obvious at a glance. The 
local genera occur in the more important regions of concentration 
for Senecio. The widespread genera follow the mountain ranges 
of the world and the more or less treeless arctic zone, just as 
the widespread species of Senecio do. The exceptions are 
(a) Gynura , which connects tropical Asia with Australasia, thus 
supplying a link which is missing in Senecio, (b) Erechtites, which 
connects America with Australia, and (c) Werneria, which shows 
a curious discontinuous distribution from the Andes to the 
Himalayas and Abyssinia. 
The centre of origin for the Liabinse is Colombia or Mexico. 
Hoffmann’s African genera (I, 42) require reconsideration. The 
Tussilagininte are seen to be the further development of th e Arniea 
and Ligularia types of the northern regions, originating probably 
in Siberia and spreading all over the arctic and sub-arctic 
zone. The Senecioninae, the basal sub tribe, is characterised by 
a number of widespread genera, the local genera occurring in the 
regions of concentration shown by Senecio. The Othonninae are 
clearly of South African origin extending north along the mountain 
ranges to Abyssinia; the genus Werneria requires special 
consideration. 
Cichoriece. All the sub-tribes here, with the exception of the 
insular Dendroseridinae, have their centres of concentration and 
region of overlapping of the areas of widespread species in the 
Mediterrannean region. The centre of origin is thus clearly 
defined, but the paths of migration are not so clearly marked as 
in the Senecioneae. Lactuca may be taken as the type of distribu¬ 
tion shown by the widespread genera (Fig. 31). 
Details of the distribution are not necessary to show that 
from the Mediterranean the genus has spread to America and 
Africa by the same route as that by which Senecio arrived. Hier- 
acimn, Hypocliceris and other genera have spread further along the 
mountain ranges of the world, extending into the Chilian Andes ; 
while Sonchus has spread still further, extending to Australasia. 
Calendnlece. Most of the genera of this tribe are confined 
to Sonth Africa, but Calendula and Dipterocome are Mediter¬ 
ranean, while Eriachceninni is Chilian. The systematic position 
of the last genus requires reconsideration. Tripteris extends into 
Tropical Africa. There is very little doubt of the South African 
origin of the tribe. 
