26 
James Small. 
dying out or not is uncertain; the only relevant evidence is that 
given by Willis for the absence of any considerable dying out in 
the Angiosperms (77). 
If the facts of distribution of the sub-tribes as given in the 
maps and Section C are compared with the phyletic scheme (Fig. 
7) it will be seen that only in a very few details does the scheme 
fail to answer the test of geographical distribution. 
Senecionece. The Senecioninae have all the characteristics of a 
primitive race, either from the “ Age and Area ” point of view or 
from Guppy’s “ Differentiation ” point of view. The Liabinae (Fig. 
30) in the Andine region, the Tussilagininae in the Asiatic region, 
and the Othonninae in South Africa all arise at points where 
specific differentiation in Senecio is well developed. 
Cichoriece. The Mediterranean centre for the majority of this 
tribe and the comparatively restricted area of most genera and 
species is in accordance with its suggested recent origin from the 
Mediterranean Senecioninae. 
Calendulece. The South African centre for this tribe and its 
marked restriction in area, in addition to its close similarity to the 
Senecioneae in morphology and physiology, suggest an origin from 
the South African Senecioninae at a date even more recent than 
that of the origin of the Cichorieae. 
Arctotidece. The South African centre and the distribution of 
this tribe suggest an origin very similar in source, time, and place to 
that of the Calenduleae. The wider areas of Ursinia, Arctotis and 
Berkheya confirm the positions of the Arctotidinae and Gorteriinae, 
while the restriction in area of Gundelici and Platycarpha confirms 
the position of the Gundeliinae. 
Antliemidece. The Mediterranean centre and wide distribution 
of a number of genera in this tribe suggests an origin from the 
Senecioneae of that region at a time previous to the origin of the 
Cichorieae. The wider distribution and larger development in 
South Africa of the Chrysanthemidinae (Fig. 32) confirm the 
suggestion made in Chapter IV, F, of the primitive position of at least 
the main genera of that sub-tribe. 
Inulece. The Gnaphaliinae are confirmed as the primitive sub¬ 
tribe, but the Eu-gnaphalieae are shown to be the primitive section of 
the sub-tribe. In various morphological characters the Helichry- 
seae as a whole have appeared to be more primitive, but at this 
stage it is permissible to compare the main genera rather than the 
groups as a whole, because the smaller genera are seen to be little 
