Origin and Development of the Compositev. 27 
more than local variations of the larger genera. Gnaphalium, with 
a wide distribution (Fig. 33), with type IV style, type 10 stamens, 
simple setose pappus and foveolate or naked receptacle, is obviously 
more primitive than Heliclirysum , which does not extend to 
America and which has type IV style, type 13 or 14 stamens, simple 
setose pappus, and a naked, foveolate or alveolate receptacle. Five 
of the Old World genera of the Eu-gnaphalieae extend to America 
and only one genus of the Helichryseae. The Helichryseae in America 
are limited to two genera, while there are about a dozen 
Eu-gnaphalieae. 
The separation of the Angianthinae (Australian) from the 
Relhaniinae and Athrixiinae (South African) which was suggested 
in Chapter VI, C, is confirmed. The arrangement of the other sub 
tribes is in accordance with the facts of distribution, especially the 
suggested origin of the Buphthalminae from the Inulinae ; both are 
Mediterranean with extension to South Africa and the latter sub¬ 
tribe has the wider area. 
Cynarece. The derivation of the Centaureinae from the Buph¬ 
thalminae is confirmed by the co-incidence of the centres of those 
two sub-tribes. The relatively primitive position of the Centaure¬ 
inae and Carduinae is confirmed by the extension of these two groups 
into America, while the other two are limited to the Old World. 
Mutisiecc. The derivation of ^the Nassauviinae from the 
Senecioninae is confirmed by the co-incidence of centres of concen¬ 
tration in these two groups. The primitive position of Trixis in 
the Nassauviinae is confirmed by its comparatively wide area ; the 
position of Mutisia and Onoseris as the basal genera of the Onoser- 
idinae (cp. Chaps. IV, F, and V, C-D) is confirmed by the wide 
South American distribution of these two genera. The distribution 
of the genera of the Onoseridinae and Gochnatiinao is also in 
accordance with their origin from Mutisia ; Chuquiragua in South 
America and the A inslicea-Dicoma plexus in the Old World are 
indicated as the primitive genera of the Gochnatiinae. The distribu¬ 
tion of the Gerberinae is in accordance with the origin of that sub¬ 
tribe from Onoseris ; Chaptalia with a wide distribution connecting 
with Gerbera in the Old World forms the primitive plexus of the 
subtribe. The Barnadesiinae are probably a group which has arisen 
independently of the rest of the Mutisieae in the same place from 
the same source, but probably at a later date. 
As the Mutisieae develop chiefly in tropical and sub-tropical 
America and Africa, it is probably a result of their physiological 
