66 
James Small. 
Lobelia and Jasione in the Syngenesia. These suggested affinities 
cover the range of almost all subsequent views on the origin of the 
Compositae. Allen (IV, 1) coverseven a wider range when he writes 
of the “ closely allied Dipsaceae, Valerianeae, Lobeliaceae and 
Campanulaceae.” 
The Dipsaceous origin is upheld by Bessey (I, 10) and by 
Bentham (I, 8), see Chap. I, B. The latter, although he classed the 
Composite with the Dipsaceae in the Asterales and was “ unable to 
see any grounds for supposing, with Delpino, that the Lobelieae 
are the parents of the Compositae” (6, p. 8), gave the other 
view in his phylogenetic scheme (Chap. I. Pig. 2), where he follows 
Cassini (Chap. 1, Pig. 1) in suggesting an affinity between the 
Cichorieae and the Campanulaceae through the Lobelioideae. 
The origin of the Compositae from Lobelioideae has been up¬ 
held by all other writers on the subject, beginning with Batsch (see 
Chap. I, B). Delpino (Chap. I, Tab. Ill), Hock (I, 41), Wernham 
(Chap. I, B), Hallier (21-22 and I, 38) and Engler (I, 30) are others 
who have expressed this view. 
The present writer has suggested other points of affinity be¬ 
tween the Compositae and the Lobelioideae (IV, 74, p. 198 and III, 
49, p. 267), but the most detailed comparison yet made is by Kirchner 
(33). This author follows the development of the various genera of 
the Campanulaceae into the Compositae and a summary of the points 
which he finds to be common to the two groups may be useful. These 
are (1) protandry, (2) pollen presented on outside of style, (3) 
autogamy by curving of style, (4) capitulaas in Jasione an dPhyteunia, 
(5) syngenesy which is suggested in Jasione and accomplished in 
Symphandra , (6) nectar stored in the narrow, lower part of the 
corolla tube as in Trachelium and Compositae, (7) nectary at the 
base of the style as in Adenophora and Gompositae. 
No other family except those mentioned above has been seriously 
considered as the source of the Compositae, and although some may 
show involucrate heads, syngenesy etc., these characters occur com¬ 
bined with numerous others which are quite different from those of 
the Compositae, while the remarkable number of characters which 
are common to the Lobelioideae and the Compositae. leaves very 
little doubt of the true affinity of the two groups. 
B. Theories of Evolution. 
Although the literature of evolution is extensive very few 
writers give a general account of modern theories, and none except 
