72 
James Small. 
Bancroft, 2, and Sinnott, 46, p. 566). Jordan apparently had some 
idea of epharmosis when he wrote (X, 44, p. 17) “ Si Ton entend que 
la s61ection naturelle ou selection inconsciente de la nature, comme 
disent Darwinistes, s’opere ind^pendamment des causes ext^rieures 
il suffira de faire remarquer que cette selection n’existe pas.” 
It is noteworthy that ecologists and most botanists who have 
made a careful study of plants in the field are among the chief 
supporters of the causative action of epharmosis in the origin of 
species. Spruce (X, 69, Vol. II, p. 357) says “ Of the riparial plants, 
nearly every species has its congener on terra firma, to which it 
stands so near that, although the two must of right bear different 
names, the differences of structure are precisely such as might have 
been brought about by long exposure even to the existing state of 
things, without supposing them to date from widely different 
conditions in the remote past.” Warming (X, 71, Chap. 100) gives 
a summary of various aspects of epharmosis, a term which he uses 
for self-regulation or direct adaptation, implying in his expression 
“ they directly adapt themselves ” a metaphysical view of evolution 
closely akin to that of Bergson. The definition given above in 
accordance with Cockayne’s view does not imply any teleological 
action. 
Warming gives many references, one of the most important 
being Goebel (19). Some of the points he mentions may be applied 
to the Compositae—(1) illumination altering leaf-position, e.g. the 
compass-plants, Lactuca Scnriola and Silphium laciniatum ; (2) 
aerial and subterranean conditions as affecting external structure, 
e.g. various Compositae (X, 19); (3) epharmonic xeromorphy, e.g. 
various Compositae (see 41 and X, 6, 16, 36, 48, 51,56, 60 and 63); 
(4) hydrophytes : the changing of Polygonum amphibium in a few 
weeks from the land-form to the aquatic form is paralleled by the 
even more striking case of Cnicus arvensis (X, 18, and Chap. X, A), 
(5) changes in food-supply inducing distinctions in floral structure, 
e.g. Dimorphotheca pluvialis (Chap. IV, C); (6) internal structure 
as affected by external conditions, e.g. Raoulia, Senecio, etc. (X, 26 
etc.); (7) plasticity of biological characters, e.g. action of climate on 
irritability (see Chap. Ill, especially Torenia and notes 14,15, 18, 31 
and 33); (8) specially marked plasticity and genera in a condition 
of active evolution, e.g. Hieracium (II, 55). 
Warming (loc. cit.) mentions that epharmosis is more or less 
confined to the vegetative organs and to the metabolism of the 
plant. “ The flowering shoot in its development follows laws 
