79 
Origin and Development of the Composites. 
Chap. X, A), and by De Candolle (LX, 11, p. 1119), where after 
discussing the origin of species from one individual or from many 
individuals he writes “ J’insiste sur ces doubles explications.” 
C. The Lobelioide/E. 
If the theory of evolution by orthogenetic saltation and 
epharmosis is sound, we should find the chief characters of the 
Composite foreshadowed in the ancestral group. 
The general characteristics of the Lobelioideae as given by 
Schonland (44) are the following:—Flowers usually distinctly 
zygomorphic, in a few cases unisexual; almost without exception 
pentamerous; calyx regular or bilabiate; corolla usually tubular, 
often slit down one side, rarely with the petals quite free; stamens 
usually more or less fused with each other and sometimes with the 
corolla also; anthers always syngenesious, usually with hairs or 
bristles at the apex; three anthers usually larger than the other 
two; style with a ring of hairs; ovary usually bilocular; fruit a 
berry or capsule, usually loculicidal at the apex, more seldom 
dehiscing laterally; herbs, shrubs or trees. 
Gynoecium —To begin with the gynoecium, the ovary is inferior 
or semi-inferior and bi-carpellary and the ovules are anatropous, 
all as in the Composite except the occasional semi-inferior ovary. 
Although the ovary is usually bilocular with axile placentation, the 
partition is incomplete in Rhizocephalum and absent altogether in 
Apetahia which has numerous ovules on parietal placentae. A 
further stage is reached in Lysipomia where one loculus aborts 
and the ovules are few, grouped together on a more or less basal 
placenta (Fig. 43). If this is compared with the occasional 
occurrence of more than one ovule in the Composite (cp. Don, 
Chap. II, A, and 182), especially with the case of a bilocular, bi- 
ovulate ovary in Senecio vulgaris (1,82), it will be clear that in this 
character there is a tendency in the Lobelioideae towards the 
condition in the Compositae. 
The style in the Lobelioideae has sweeping-hairs on the outside ; 
these may be in a ring, as in Siphocampylus asper (Fig. 45) or 
scattered as in I^ysipomia inuscoides (Fig. 44). This should be com¬ 
pared with the types in the Compositae (Chap. II, Fig. 5). The two 
style branches are usually shorter than in the Compositae, but they 
act as pollen-presenters in exactly the same way, even to the 
coiling back on themselves to give self-pollination. 
Andrcecium —The syngenesy of the anthers is a well-known 
