84 
James Small. 
5. Syngenesious anthers, stamens sometimes epipetalous. 
6. Prevalence and varying development of apical appendages 
to anthers. 
7. Slight develqpment of basal appendages to the anthers. 
8. Actinomorphy of corolla in lower Campanulaceae, zygo- 
morphy with a return to actinomorphy, especially under conditions 
of reduced food supply (cp. Causal Morphology, Chap. IV,C) in the 
Lobelioideae. 
9. Variation in colour of corolla from yellowish-green to yellow, 
white, orange, purple, etc. 
10. Reduction of calyx limb under crowded conditions of the 
flowers, progressing to complete absent of free lobes. 
11. Progressive aggregation of the flowers with consequent 
reduction in corolla and calyx, together with the progressive 
disappearance of the inner or upper bracts of the racemose umbel. 
12. Development of an involucre, diffuse in the Lobelioideae 
but completely organised in certain special Campanuloideae. 
13. Alternate arrangement of leaves. 
14. Laticiferous vessels present or not (see Chap. XII, C). 
15. General habit and range of variation in habit. 
16. Haustorial antipodal cells and prominent integumentary 
epithelium of embyro sac (see Chap. XII, B). 
D. The Origin of Senecio. 
The above summary of the lines of orthogenesis in the 
Lobelioideae is in complete accord with the basal position of 
Senecio. The floral characters would apply to the whole family 
more or less, but the complete disappearance of the free calyx limb 
affords additional evidence in support of the secondary nature of the 
pappus (cp. Chap. V and Chap. XII, D). The occurrence of the race¬ 
mose umbel as a form of condensed inflorescence is in accordance with 
the view expressed on the origin of the capitulum (Chap. VI, B.) 
The complete disappearance of the inner bracts is in accordance 
with the primitively naked condition of the receptacle and the 
atavistic nature of the receptacular pale® (Chap. VII). The 
diffuse, slightly developed condition of the involucre in the umbell¬ 
ate Lobelioideae is in accordance with the view expressed on the 
primitively uniseriate pericline with a slightly developed calyculus 
(Chap. VI). The alternate phyllotaxis of the leaves is in accord¬ 
ance with the view expressed on the primitive phyllotaxis in the 
Compositae (Chap. VIII), 
The range of habit is the same as in the Compositae as a 
