THE 
New Phytologist 
Vol. XVIII, Nos. 5 & 6. May & June, 1919. 
[Published July 15th, 1919.] 
THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE 
COM POSIT/E* 
By James Small, Ph.C., F.L.S. 
Chapter XII. 
MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS. 
HE preceding chapters have each dealt as far as possible 
■*- with only one aspect of the origin and development of the 
Compositae. There remain to be considered some subsidiary 
aspects, such as the palaeobotany, cytology, laticiferous and 
secretory systems, seedling structure, etc. These are dealt with 
in the present chapter. 
A. Fossil Composite. 
An extensive but not quite exhaustive search through the 
literature of tertiary fossil plants has yielded the records for 
Compositae given in Tables XII and XIII. The localities and 
geological dates are given in Table XII. The numbers in the 
second column of Table XIII refer to the bibliographical refer¬ 
ences given at the end of this chapter; with one or two exceptions 
the reference to the original description is given and comes first. 
The numbers in the third column of Table XIII refer to the 
numbered localities given in Table XII, which was drawn up to 
avoid a cumbersome repetition in Table XIII of geographical 
localities. 
The value of the palseobotanical evidence for our present 
purpose depends largely upon the soundness of the identifications. 
This point will, therefore, be reviewed before we proceed to draw 
any conclusions from the fossil record. 
The first part of Table XIII is occupied mainly by the records 
of the Reids. In all these cases the fossils were fruits which, 
after being preserved by special methods, were examined for the 
details of structure, such as shape, ribs, sculpture, etc. It may 
appear strange that determination of such fossils can be made 
with specific accuracy, especially in large genera such as 
* Part of a Thesis approved for the Degree of Doctor of Science in the 
University of London. 
