Origin and Development of the Composite. 149 
Table XIV (continued) 
Species 
Nos. 
References 
RemarUs 
H. tuberosus 
23 
Goldflus, 58 
Uniseriate 
Helianthus sp. 
COREOPSIDINAE 
3 
TiicUholm,103 
Chalazal antipodal de¬ 
generates but upper cell 
is very large and long 
Dahlia gracilis 
2-3 
Goldflus, 58 
Uniseriate or normal, 
binucleate or multinu- 
cleate 
B idcns leucantha 
3 
Hegelmaier, 62 
One small and two large 
Both large, 19 nuclei 
figured in one cell 
Cosmos bipinnatus 
2 
TacUholm,103 
Cosmidium Burridgeanum 
(Cosmos) 
Helenieae 
Heleniinae 
2 
TacUholm, 103 
Both large, one very 
long with 16-25 nuclei 
Gaillardia bicolor 
3 
Goldflus, 58 
Uniseriate, lower short, 
middle long and nar¬ 
row, upper short 
which can only be regarded as a very specialised organ ” (50 
p. 108). 
In connection with the origin of the Compositae from the 
Lobelioidese it is interesting to note that an antipodal haustorium 
is recorded in Campanula americana (40), C. rotundifolia (39) and 
Lobelia inflata (97), and that most of the Campanulaceae develop 
either micropylar or chalazal haustoria or botli (50). Another point 
of similarity is that in both families the epithelium of the integu¬ 
ment is conspicuous, always in the Compositae, sometimes in the 
Campanulaceae. 
The general phylogenetic value of the endosperm and 
haustorium is considerable, as shown by Jacobsen-Stiasny (68). 
In the Composite the antipodal haustorium, presumably derived 
from the similar structure in the ancestral Lobelioideae, has been 
described in a number of genera and the results, which are 
summarised in Table XIV, will now be discussed. 
According to our present knowledge there are two methods by 
which the antipodals develop into a special haustorial apparatus, 
one by elongation and free nuclear division or amitosis or 
both, and the other by elongation accompanied by cell division 
giving a tissue. Both these methods occur to a certain extent in 
Senecio vulgaris. 
The tube haustorium is more developed in other Senecioneae 
(Cacalia hastata) and so is the tissue haustorium ( Senecio Doria and 
Cineraria maritima). The Tussilagininae have the haustorium only 
slightly developed. 
In the Cichorieae the haustorium is only slightly developed 
throughout, especially in the Lactucinae ; the exception is the 
advanced, rather special group, Scorzonerinae. 
