164 James Small. 
the Carlina group corresponding to the Cirsium line and the 
Xevanthemum group corresponding to the Echinopsidinae. 
The somewhat anomalous genera, Warionia and Berardici, 
were removed from the Carduinae of Bentham and placed in the 
Mutisieae by Hoffmann, for reasons^which are not given but may be 
found in Bentham’s note on the latter genus (I, 8, p. 474). 
Although he was not quite certain about the position of these two 
genera, Bentham’s opinion as expressed in his classification is to be 
preferred to Hoffmann’s, who seems to have followed on more 
than one occasion the former’s suggestions of alternative affinities 
with no further evidence or reason. The Mutisieae can, therefore, 
he regarded as a more or less homogeneous group as far as the 
secretory canals are concerned. The tribe shows a clear gradation 
from genera similar to the Senecionese to the extreme cases of 
Chaptalia and Barnadesia. 
Considering the fact that reversion to the ancestral condition 
is shown in the Cynareae, the appearance of laticiferous vessels or 
sacs in Gundelia and Gazania (Arctotideae) may be taken as 
confirming the derivative position of the Gundeliinae and Gorteriinae 
(cp. Fig. 7). 
The Cichorieae have the laticiferous system well developed ; 
the only genera which show oleo-resin canals in the root are 
Scolymus and Scorzoneva. In Chap. VII, C, it was suggested that 
the receptacular paleae are atavistic; the Cichorieae also show 
reversion to their Lobelioid ancestors in the posterior split of the 
corolla. This atavism is easily understood if the tribe is closely 
related to the Senecioneae. There is then only one step between 
the Lobelioideae and the Cichorieae, so that reversion should he 
comparatively easy. This close affinity, combined probably with 
the environment at the time of the origin of tribe, explains the rever¬ 
sion of the Cichorieae in the secretory apparatus as well as in the 
corolla and receptacle. 
Col gives a figure (120d, Tab. IV) representing “surun plan la 
terminaison de l’arbre genealogique de la famille de Composdes,” 
in which he indicates affinities as shown by radiate capitula, 
presence of receptacular paleae and tailed anthers, in addition to the 
characters of the secretory apparatus. As his treatment of the 
first three characters is somewhat superficial and inaccurate, it 
has been omitted from Fig. 78, which is a reproduction of Col’s 
Tab. IV, modified to occupy less space but with the affinities as 
indicated by that author. 
Although this (Fig. 78) is considered to represent the ends of 
the pbyletic lines, the capitula of the corymb so to speak, several of 
