208 
James Small. 
irritability of the stamens, in the colour and anatomy of the corolla, 
in the simple receptacle and involucre and in the phyllotaxis of the 
cauline leaves. The chief differences are the usual absence of 
pappus and the usual heteromorphy of the achenes. It is not sur¬ 
prising, therefore, that Bentham wrote (I, 7, p. 463) that the 
Calenduleas “might almost have been enumerated amongst the sub¬ 
tribes of the Senecionideae.” Dimorphotheca , with type IV style, 
type 4 or type 10 stamens, disc florets sometimes fertile, no pappus, 
plain receptacle, simple involucre and alternate phyllotaxis, is indi¬ 
cated as the primitive genus, hut Tripteris is almost equally 
primitive; it has the disc florets always sterile and occasionally 
opposite phyllotaxis, hut the pappus is coroniform and the involucre 
is very simple ; it also has a widergeographical area. It is practically 
certain that the tribe is polyphyletic on account of the Chilian genus 
Eriacluenium, and it is quite probable that the remainder of the 
group is at least diphyletic, if it is not only a mere collection of 
African Senecioneae with heteromorphous achenes. 
The place of origin is clearly South Africa and in the 
complete absence of fossil evidence the date may be taken as quite 
recent, probably Pliocene. 
Arctotidece. This tribe is separated from the Senecioneae by 
a number of characters, such as the type of style, pappus, receptacle 
and involucre. The primitive genus, Ursinia, with the widest 
geographical area, is more closely related to the Senecioneae than 
any of the other genera. Ursinia has the Senecio type of style and 
stamens, shows no irritability of the style and has yellow as the 
predominant corolla colour. The paleae of the pappus and 
receptacle are comparatively advanced features, hut are secondary 
to the inner floral characters. Berkheya by its floral structure and 
geographical distribution is indicated as the primitive genus of the 
Gorteriinae, which sub-tribe has the Gundeliinae as a small, possibly 
diphyletic, off-shoot. 
The place of origin of the tribe is clearly South Africa and the 
date is probably a little earlier than that of the origin of the 
Calenduleae : considering the extension of the tribe into Australia it 
is probably lower Pliocene. 
Anthemidece. In the pollen-presentation mechanism the 
Anthemideae are very similar to the Senecioneae, except for the type 
V style of the sterile florets. The corolla colour is higher and the 
chief differences are the almost complete absence of any pappus 
except the reduced, paleaceous coroniform type, and the scarious 
