210 
James Small. 
sub-tribes. In the last three sub-tribes (Athrixiinae, Inulinae and 
Buphthalminae) type XII is the dominant form of style. The 
Relhaniinae show an exceptional proportion of type IV styles for a 
radiate sub-tribe. 
Turning now to Table VII it will be noted that with one 
exception all the genera showing the simpler types of stamens occur 
in the “ filiform ” group, the first five sub-tribes. The predomi¬ 
nance of type 10 stamens in the Gnaphaliinae and Inulinae mark 
these sub-tribes as the primitive groups of the two divisions of the 
Inuleae. The four chief types of stamens in the tribe are 10, 12, 13, 
14. All four types occur in the two basal sub-tribes and among the 
other sub-tribes only in the Relhaniinae. A more detailed examination 
of the floral characters of the Relhaniinae shows that sub-tribe to 
be a mixture of genera, some with radiate capitula and others with 
few-flowered, homogamous capitula. A diphyletic origin of this 
sub-tribe is clearly indicated, one line coming from the Helichryseae 
with Metalasia as the primitive genus, the other coming from the 
Athrixiinae with Relhania as the primitive genus. 
In the Inuleae, therefore, we have two main phyletic lines. 
The first line begins in the Eu-gnaphalieae with a South American 
origin from the Senecioneae at an early date and passes to the 
Filagininae with a Mediterranean centre of origin, the Plucheinae 
with a tropical African centre, the Helichryseae, Tarchonanthinae 
and part of the Relhaniinae with their centres in South Africa, and 
finally to the Australian Angianthinae. The second line begins with 
the Inuleae, originating from the Senecioneae at a later date than 
the Eu-gnaphalieae in the Mediterranean region, and passes in the 
same region to the Buphthalminae and in South Africa to the 
Athrixiinae and the rest of the Relhaniinae. This development 
harmonises with all the known characters of the groups, including 
the geographical distribution, and exemplifies the parallel evolution, 
polyphyly and convergence which are discussed in Chap. XI, B. 
In Fig. 7 the Helichryseae are shewn as preceding the Eu- 
gtiaphalieae, but the geographical distribution indicates and the 
other data on more critical analysis confirm the view that the latter 
group is the primitive one for the “filiform” sub-tribes of the 
Inuleae. Beauverd (XII, 158) places Helichtysuni before Gnaphalium 
when he gives the chief genera of the sub-tribe “dans l’ordre 
^volutif presumd.” He, however, used the fertility or sterility of 
the flowers as his chief guide and the work of Uexkull-Gyllenband 
(II, 69) shows that this cannot be taken as of primary importance 
