214 
James Small. 
considerably larger than that of the Cynareze and since the 
differentiation of types within the tribe is greater than in the 
Cynareze, a date antecedent to the origin of the latter tribe is 
indicated; taking into account the similarity in the areas occupied 
by the Inulinze and by the Old World Mutisieze, and the greater 
area of the whole of the Mutisieze, the lower Oligocene is a probable 
date for the origin of the Nassauviinze, with an extension into the 
Old World about middle Oligocene times. 
Vernoniece. The evolution of this tribe from the Senecioninze 
via the Liabinze is abundantly proved by most of the details of 
the florets and capitulum. The affinity between the Liabinae and 
the Vernonieae may be judged from the fact that Gongrothamniis, 
a genus of the Liabinae according to Bentham, is Sect. IV of the 
genus Vernonia according to Hoffmann. The primitive genus, 
Liabuin , of the Liabinze is closely connected on the one hand with 
the Senecioninze and on the other hand with Vernonia ,the primitive 
genus of the Vernonieze. The derivative position of the 
Lychnophorinze is confirmed by most of the floral details and by 
the geographical distribution of the sub-tribes. The primitive 
genus is probably Elephantopus ; the only character which raises 
any doubts of the primitive position of this genus is the form of the 
corolla, which sometimes has a posterior split. 
The generic differentiation in the tribe is comparatively slight. 
Bentham (I, 7) remarks that the Vernonieae “ consists principally 
of one large genus with a number of smaller ones closely connected 
with it forming altogether one sub-tribual or generic group of a 
higher order,” The distribution is entirely tropical or sub-tropical 
and the use of the Alaska-Siberian bridge by the tribe is not in any 
way indicated. These facts and the close affinity with the 
Senecioninze point to a comparatively recent origin for the group, 
but the wide tropical distribution indicates an origin precedent to 
that of the Calenduleze or Arctotideze. Taking all the data into 
consideration the date of the origin of the Vernonieae seems to be 
about the middle Miocene; the place of origin is clearly the 
Brazilian region. 
Asterece. Various changes have been suggested in the 
evolution of the Astereze as given in Fig. 7. The most important 
of these is the reversal of the Homochrominze and Heterochrominae, 
which has been completely vindicated by the analysis of other 
details than the styles and stamens, and also by a more critical 
examination of these structures. 
