io8 
The Classification of Lichens . 
Stigmatidium. Graphidiaceae includes all the other Graphidei of 
Crombie, except the fungus Agyrium, as well as the genera Ptycho- 
grapha (with compound hymenium), Encephalographa (Lithographa 
with 1-septate, brown spores) Phaeographis (Graphis with brown 
spores), and Graphina (Graphis with muriform spores). 
The series Pyrenocarpineae (Pyrenodei) is divided into seven 
orders and contains twenty-seven genera, only ten of which are 
given in Crombie’s synopsis, the old genus Verrucaria now being 
split up into thirteen genera, according to the nature of the peri- 
thecia, paraphyses, asci, spores, and algal cells. 
As noticed above many plants formerly classed as lichens 
have been placed as fungi parasitic on lichen thalli, and it is 
probable that some other so-called lichens will have to share the 
same fate ; Arthonia punctella , Nyl, while the book was in progress, 
has been classified as a discomycetous fungus and a note to that 
effect is given on p. 345. Agyrium, Strigula, Myriangium, Endo- 
coccus, and some species of Verrucaria have been rejected, while 
the positions of many other parasitic species are doubtful. 
Dacawpia Hookeri (=Lecidia Hookeri), Buellia parmeliarium (= 
Abrothallus p.), Arthonia varians (= Celidium v.), Biatorina epi- 
blastematica (=Scntula Wal/rothii), and other parasitic species 
included in the present work, have been and are still regarded by 
some authors as fungi. 
A number of species for which Miss Smith is in no way res¬ 
ponsible, as she has had no opportunity of seeing them, have been 
included. Most of these unseens are Stirton’s discoveries, and it 
seems a pity that they should not have been submitted to such a 
competent lichenologist as the authoress of this monograph. 
Very few new records or new species have been added to the 
list, and it is pleasing to note that Miss Smith is somewhat conser¬ 
vative in this respect, since the lichenologist is already sufficiently 
puzzled by the minute differences between some so-called species. 
The addenda contain most of these species or varieties new to 
Britain :— Calicium roscidum, Cladonia luteoalba, Cladina implexa, 
Lecanora inougeotioides, L. Lilliei, Lecidea pleiospora, L. declin- 
ascens, Biatorella canipestris, Gyrophora spodocliroa, “ Inodcrma 
byssacea,” Arthonia Lilliei, Verrucaria prominula, var. minor, 
Gongylia viridis, Microglcena Larbalestierii, M. Holliana, Artho- 
pyrcnia areniseda, A. foveolata, A. halodytes var. Hollii, A. Crombei, 
Leptorhaphis Carrollii, Microthelia dispora and Porina Curnowii. 
Botrydina vulgaris, which was placed by E. Abton in the 
lichens, is considered to be of doubtful position. 
The plates are beautifully drawn and form a valuable adjunct 
to the descriptions, and the whole work is an essential and reliable 
book to any student who wishes to unravel the mysteries of this 
wonderful group of plants. w> WATS0N 
