148 
H. F. Wernham. 
fundamental character of zygomorphy which to a greater or less 
extent is a feature of practically all the species, the Scrophulari¬ 
aceae shew considerable diversity. Progressive advance centres, 
broadly speaking, upon the individual flower rather than upon the 
inflorescence as a whole ; and herein lies the broad distinction 
between Tubiflorae and Campanulatae, a distinction reflected in the 
two different types of zygomorphy to which we have already 
drawn attention (chapter I). Close aggregation of flowers is thus 
relatively rare in the former group, and where it occurs, as in 
Labiatae, it is to be regarded as a special rather than a funda¬ 
mental adaptation ; the case is, of course, the reverse in Cam¬ 
panulatae, where zygomorphy is to be regarded, in most cases, 
as the outcome, more or less, of aggregation, as exemplified in 
Compositae and Umbelliferae. 
The corolla in Scrophulariaceae ranges from the open type 
with short tube characteristic of the tribe Verbasceae, to long-tubed, 
bilabiate, spurred, saccate, personate, &c., forms, and the details of 
pollination have been ascertained in many cases. In some forms 
the corolla attains a considerable size {Digitalis, Gerardia, Lam- 
ourouxia, Cycnium, etc, etc.), reflecting the general tendency of the 
apocynal stock and its descendants towards enlargement of the 
individual flower for the attainment of conspicuousness. 
The carpel-number is almost invariably two, as is the case, 
ndeed, in all the Multiovulatae. The flower in the genus Bowkeria 
(with about five species) is tricarpellary, and the same obtains 
occasionally—probably as an abnormality—among other genera of 
Scrophulariaceae. The ovary is nearly always bilocular and mul- 
tiovulate. In the latter regard an important tendency to reduction 
in ovule-number is traceable within the family ; this is seen in 
some species of Veronica, in the genera Melampyrum, Tozzia, 
Leptorhabdus, where two ovules only are associated with each 
carpel, and Tonella with one to three ovules; and the tendency 
culminates in the tribe Selagineae, in which a single pendulous 
ovule occupies each chamber of the bilocular ovary. 
We may take the present opportunity to notice briefly the 
systematic position of this tribe. Its members are all herbaceous 
or suffruticose and almost exclusively confined to South Africa, 
a few species occurring also in Madagascar. In Bentham and 
Hooker’s system, and in the chief previous systems, Selagineae 
have been ranked as a distinct family, and further, their affinity 
has been regarded as with Diovulatae rather than with Multio- 
