Recent Work on the Bryophyta. 
269 
frequently several archegonia in an involucre may be fertilised and 
embryo-formation proceed to a certain point in each) which leads 
Lesage to make interesting comparisons between the Junger- 
manniales with their single long-stalked sporogonium and the higher 
Marchantiales in which there are several sessile or shortly-stalked 
sporogonia carried up on the carpocephalum (archegoniophore); the 
results of isolating nearly mature but still sessile sporogonia from 
the gametophyte and placing them in water—the detached sporo¬ 
gonia showed normal elongation of the seta and dehiscence of the 
capsule; experiments with reference to the influence of stage of 
development, temperature, presence of the calyptra, and other 
conditions upon the rate of elongation of the seta. 
Fraulein Lilienfeld (19) describes some new features in the 
morphology and biology of Haplomitrium Hookeri, of which she was 
fortunate enough to find large quantities on the banks of a small 
lake in the Carpathians. She finds, for instance, that every 
transition occurs between the rhizome and the erect green leafy 
shoots, the latter showing in feeble light great reduction of the 
leaves ; the tips of the rhizomes bear numerous mucilage papillae, 
so crowded as to form a pseudoparenchyma comparable in function 
with a root-cap. Several parasitic and saprophytic fungi, as well 
as endophytic algae, occur in the cells of the rhizome ; a new fungus 
species, Pythium Haplomitrii, is described. The capsule opens by 
a single longitudinal slit; the antheridia are arranged all round the 
stem, chiefly in the axils of the leaves. 
Evans (7) has described in detail the methods of branching in 
the Acrogynae, distinguished by the position and age of the segment 
(cut from the apical cell of the shoot) from which the branch arises 
and by the portion of the segment which is devoted to the formation 
of the branch. In terminal (apical) branching, phylogenetic and 
ontogenetic considerations indicate that the primitive type is that 
in which the entire half of a segment is used up to form a branch, 
the other types arising from this by restriction of the portion of 
segment used up; intercalary branching doubtless came later, and 
is correlated with comparatively feeble growth of the shoot. 
Schiffner (37), in an extremely interesting revision of the 
species of Chiloscyphus found in Europe, North America, and 
northern Asia, clears up various hitherto doubtful points in the 
morphology and taxonomy of this genus, and discusses the influence 
of various environmental factors upon the form and structure of the 
more polymorphic species. Forms growing on a substratum rich 
in lime are characterised by great enlargement of the leaf-cells as 
compared with varieties found on lime-free substrata; an aquatic 
mode of life is accompanied by sterility, as is usual in other 
liverworts, but in this genus the development of archegonia appears 
to demand drier conditions than in the case of other sub-aquatic 
Bryophyta ; plants growing in cold running waters are distinguished 
by small size of the leaves and leaf-cells, as compared with the 
large-leaved and large-celled varieties found in stagnant waters, 
though apparently these differences are not due simply to the 
higher summer temperature of stagnant as compared with running 
water, since forms growing in high and exposed moorland pools 
with low summer temperature are usually dwarfed in size of leaves 
and cells. In a paper on the Ptilidiaceae, Schiffner (35) gives some 
