302 
H. F. Wernham. 
“ (Ericaceae) to which they bear much resemblance .... They 
“ are, however, to all appearance closely allied to Cinchonads 
“ (Rubiaceae) .... and also to Escalloniads (tribe of Saxifragaceae) 
“ which are chiefly known by being polypetalous .... Upon the 
“ whole, Cranberries (Vacciniaceae) may be considered as a Order 
“ standingon the borders of.... the Cinchonal and Grossal (Rosalian) 
Alliances.” 1 In other words, Lindley regards Vaccinioideae as the 
sympetalous “ Heteromerae” of the Calycifloral Plexus. 
The Vaccinioideae, then, apart from their epigyny, are linked 
with the typical hypogynous Ericaceae by the tribe Arbutoideae. 
Taking the family Ericaceae as it stands in Engler’s system the tribe 
Vaccinioideae includes little less than a quarter of the total number 
of species, that is to say, a considerable portion. The ancestral 
Geranial Stock exhibits no tendency towards epigyny ; if, therefore, 
in view of the links which unite Vaccinioideae with the hypogynous 
Ericaceae, we are to regard them as derived from the same proxi¬ 
mate ancestral stock, we must then suppose that Vaccinioideae have 
adopted epigyny as a special tendency developed after the evolution 
of the Ericales. The case will then offer an exact analogy with that 
of Gesneroideae ; and the Campanulatae, like the Bicarpellatae, must 
remain without pentacyclic representatives. 
The Phyletic History of Infers. 
Returning to our evolutionary tree, we see at its base an archi- 
chlamydeous plexus characterized by a definite tendency to epigyny. 
From this plexus two lines emerge,— one determined by the final 
realization of epigyny, coupled with the tendency to bring the 
flowers of an inflorescence to one horizontal level; the other 
determined by the adoption of sympetaly before epigyny was com¬ 
pletely realized, coupled with the tendency to approximation of the 
anthers for the definite biological purpose of pollen-presentation. 
Before the latter tendency appeared, Cucurbitacese were produced 
by the grafting of sympetaly upon one stock of the Calycifloral 
Plexus, the Passiflorales of Bentham and Hooker. 
The first, or “ umbellifloral ” line, leads on the one hand, to the 
Umbellifloral Stock, determined by reduction in ovule-number, 
and on the other to the Rubialian Stock, determined by sympetaly. 
The second line leads to the Campanal Stock. 
We desire to insist upon the sharp separation of these two lines, 
and such similarity as obtains among their ultimate descendants 
1 The Vegetable Kingdom, Third Edition, p. 757, 
