The Ecology of the Driva Valley. 355 
places which must be inundated on the melting of the snows, were 
Polygala amara, Carex bicolor and C. capillaris. 
Between Dalholen and the river, Platystna juniperinum 
occuu ed on the sand, a most peculiar habitat, as it usually occurs 
on the old branches of Juniperus nanus, a situation in which we 
afterwards found it in quantity and with fine apothecia. 
Towards Hjerkin the roadside was carpeted with fine fruiting 
specimens of Salix herbacea, and Anemone vernalis with its 
feathery fruits was another conspicuous roadside plant. In a bog 
just beyond Hjerkin, in which Eviophorum vaginatum was the 
dominant flowering plant, the moss Paludella squarrosa was very 
abundant, often associated with Hypnum trichoides, and by the 
the margins of a small stream Thalictrutn alpinum and Pedicularis 
Lnpponica were both observed in a fruiting state. 
In some boggy pools close to 
the roadside was a tiny form of 
Utricularia minor, considerably 
smaller and more delicate than 
any that we have previously ob¬ 
served. It was merely a dimin¬ 
utive form, as its structure was 
quite normal. 1 The maximum diameter across the leaves was 
between 4 and 5 mm. 
About Hjerkin the region of pines was left behind, and there 
is a striking absence of them from the upper portion of the Driva 
Valley. All around the head of this valley, and on the surrounding 
mountains, one feature impresses itself on the mind beyond all 
others, namely, the abundance of Lichens. Fruticose and crusta- 
ceous lichens occur in prodigious quantities, covering all rocks, and 
often carpeting square miles of the surface of the ground. 
Down the valley, from its commencement at the northern 
limit of the dreary elevated expanse between Hjerkin and 
Kongsvold, the zones of montane woodland, alpine shrubland, and 
alpine grassland are very clearly marked. To the south of the 
Kongsvold, and on the right side of the Driva, is an extensive 
rocky area, and similar areas of rock occur at the bottom of the 
1 Precisely the same minute form of Utricularia minor was obtained 
in a bog at the margin of Goveli Vand, the small lake S.S.E. 
of the Kongsvold. The bladders contained numerous indivi- 
viduals of Cosmarium pnegrandc, Lundell, an arctic type of 
Desmid only very rarely observed from Scandinavia, Finland 
and Greenland, of which the detailed characters have not yet 
been fully investigated. This Desmid was recorded in 1894 
from Glen Shee, Perthshire. 
Fig. 26. Very small form of Utric¬ 
ularia minor from Hjerkin. Natural 
size. 
