362 
W. West and G. S. West. 
6.—Woodland of the Lower Slopes of the Valley. 
[Marked W in the Chart.] 
A belt of woodland occurred on both sides of the valley from 
the river to an altitude of 3600 feet on the western side and 3700 
feet on the eastern side. The trees consisted almost exclusively of 
Betula odorata forma alpigena, and reached a maximum height of 
15—20 feet. A few specimens of Pmnus Padns occurred in 
sheltered places at the bottom of the woods. Cotoneaster integerrima 
was also very rare in the lower sheltered part. The woods were 
on rocky slopes, sometimes very steep, and here and there, where 
the rocks were larger, small open spaces occurred. Parmelia 
olivacea was the only corticolous lichen at all prominent on the 
Betula odorata, and it was very abundant and often covered with 
apothecia. It also occurred very sparingly on the adjacent rocks. 
The undergrowth was often dense, but no plants were parti¬ 
cularly conspicuous or dominant, with the exception of dense 
masses of Aconitum septentrionale in the deep shade, and quantities 
of Geranium sylvaticum in the more open spaces. The shrubs 
consisted of scattered plants of Juniper us nana, Betula nana, 
Salix lapponurn, S. lanata, S. glauca, S. phylicifolia, S. liastata, and 
S. nigricans, while amongst the more broken rocks were quantities 
of Vaccinium uliginosum, V. Myrtillus, V. Vitis-idcea and Empetrum 
nigrum. The latter was associated with Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi 
among the rocks of the more open parts of the woods. 
The following plants occurred amongst the undergrowth on 
both sides of the valley:— Campanula rotnndifolia, Galium boreale, 
Melampyrum sylvaticum, Lychnis dioica, Primula stricta, Saussurea 
alpina, Erigeron elongatum, Solidago Virganrea var. cambrica, Phaca 
frigida, Astragalus alpinus, A. Oroboides, Rumex Acetosa, Trientalis 
europcea, Maianthemum bifolium, Phleum alpinum, Poa glauca, Poa 
nemoralis, P. alpina, Festuca rubra, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Avena 
pubescens, Aira ccespitosa, Trisetum subspicatum, Melica nutans, 
Luzula parvijlora, L. spicata, L. campestris, Cystopteris fragilis, 
Equisetum arvense, and E. sylvaticum. Less common wer e, Achilla:a 
Millefolium, Bartsia alpina, Spircea Ulmaria, Potentilla Crantzii, 
Ranunculus acris, Parnassia palustris, Epilobium palustre, Vicia 
Cracca, and Carduus heteropliyllus. On and about the more rocky 
parts of the woods were Salix reticulata, Sedum Rhodiola, Thalictrum 
alpinum, Saxifraga aizoides, and 5. nivalis. Pinguicula vidgaris 
was also common on the mossy tufts of these damp rocks, generally 
associated with Luzula parviflora. 
