W. West and G. S. West. 
364 
L. nrcunta, Carex lagopina, Ranunculus nivalis, and R. Jiyperboreus. 
Immense quantities of Lycopodium annotinum occurred both under 
the shade of the birches and in the more open places, and 
Mulgediuin alpinum was noticed in association with Gnaphalium 
norvegicum and Ranunculus aconitifolins. 
Near the upper limit of the belt of woodland there is a marked 
change in the composition of the flora and in the relative abundance 
of the species. The Betula odorata becomes reduced in height 
(10-15 feet) and the trees are more scattered. Vaccinium Myrtillus 
and Empetrum nigrum become more conspicuous. Menziesia ccerulea, 
Circcea alpina, Bartsia alpina, Galium boreale, Sedum Rhodiola, 
Gentiana teuella, and G. nivalis are all leading constituents of this 
upland undergrowth. Luzula spicata occurs in large patches, and 
wherever the ground is wet, Carex atrata, C. ustulata, and C. pulla 
are abundant. Melandryum ( Wahlbergella) apetalum is also frequent. 
7.—Belt of Shrubland. 
[Marked S in the Chart]. 
Betula odorata f. alpigena ceases at 3600 feet on the W. side of 
the valley and 3700 feet on the E. side. Above this altitude is a 
dense and extensive belt of shrubs (PI. I., Fig. 2) consisting of Betula 
nan a and various willows, among which Salix lanata, S. glauca, S. 
lapponum, S. phylicifolia, and S. myrsinites are the most conspicuous. 
Juniperus nana is also much in evidence in the lower parts of the 
belt, but does not extend to the upper reaches of the shrubland. 
Salix reticulata and 5. herbacea occur in small quantity. 
The undergrowth at 3700 feet consists mostly of Alchemilla 
vidgaris var. montana, Geranium sylvaticum, Bartsia alpina, Phaca 
frigida, Pedicular is CEderi, Poa alpina, Air a ccespitosa, Rumex 
Acetosa, Carduus heterophyllus, Saussurea alpina, Parnassia palustris, 
and Melandryum apetalum. 
Myosotis sylvatica occurred in small quantity up to fully 50 feet 
beyond the extreme limit of Betula odorata. 
At 3900 feet the undergrowth of the willows and dwarf birch 
was dominated by Salix reticulata, Euphrasia officinalis var. 
Astragalus alpinus, Parnassia palustris, Polygonum viviparum, 
Trisetum subspicatum, and Carex atrata. 
On the Nystuhoerne or W. side of the valley the shrubs were 
not so dense, and at 3850 feet both Lychnis alpina and Azalea 
procumbens made their appearance. At the head of the valley 
Lychnis alpina occurs at a little over 3000 feet in the open lichen- 
formation. 
