Asexual Reproduction in Hepaticae. 161 
The gemmae are formed on both the larger upper lobe and the 
smaller lower lobe of the leaf; the two lobes are sharply folded on each 
other, so as to form a kind of pocket, in which the writer frequently 
found a number of free gemmae. Probably the gemmae, on 
becoming loosened from their unicellular stalks, which usually 
Fig. 8. Cololejetinea calcarca. I. Part of a plant, seen from ventral 
surface, showing two leaves with gemmae (G.): st., stem ; rh., rliizoids. 
x 30. II. Stages in development of gemma, as seen in surface view, 
x 100. III. Part of leal in vertical section, showing three developing 
gemmae, x ioo. 
remain behind and mark the spots where gemmae have been formed, 
accumulate in the basal pocket of the leaf, from which they may 
ultimately be washed out by rain-drops. In a few cases, these free 
gemmae had already begun to germinate within the basal sac. The 
cell-divisions in the developing gemma show great regularity (Fig. 
8 , II., III.), the marginal cells being all of nearly the same size, so 
that here there does not appear to be any definite growing-point in 
the mature gemma, as in C. Goebelii , but the young shoot may arise 
from any one of the marginal cells. 
III. Authocevotales. In Antliocevos laevis , adventive branches 
are sometimes formed, each arising from a single superficial cell of 
the thallus. The occurrence of gemmae has been described in 
A. glandulosus and in some species of Dendvocevos (D. cichoraceus > 
D. javanicus). In Dendvocevos, the gemmae are small rounded or 
irregular bodies, each formed from a single cell of the thin wings or 
leaves. In Authoceros glandulosus, Ruge 1 found that each gemma 
arose as a club-shaped outgrowth from a superficial cell, which 
1 Ruge, G., Beitrage zur Kenntuiss der Vegetatiousorgane der 
Lebenuoose, Flora, 1893, Heft 4; p. 36 of reprint. 
