Origin and Development of the Composites. 17 
each lobe (see Jacquin, plates 589-595). Berkhey (7) is an exception 
as he shows the veins correctly in his figures. 
Brown (10) was the first to observe the venation of the corolla 
in detail and gives the disposition of the veins (alternating with the 
corolla lobes and dividing, then uniting to form an arch to each 
lobe) as a remarkable point common to all Compositie. On this 
character he controverted the removal of the Ambrosinae from the 
Composite as carried out by various authors from Linnd down¬ 
wards (see Table I, Chap. 1) In a later contribution Brown (9) 
gives an account of the history of this subject up to his date, 1818. 
Don (27) at a later date duly noted the venation of the Cichori- 
aceous corolla. He also discussed the vascular supply in Zinnia 
(28) and considered that the corolla was absent in that genus, on 
account of the peculiar veining of the structure ; the ray being “an 
elongation of the exterior cortical layers of the ovarium.” 
Hildebrand (36) gives very good details in Plate I, Fig. 6, of 
the vascular supply of the corolla in Taraxacum and also in other 
types. The only detailed observations of the vascular supply of 
the corolla are those by Trdcul (83, see also 76) and those by the 
writer (76). 
Anomalous Structure. Anomalies in the structure of the flower, 
especially the corolla, are dealt with in detail by Masters (52) and 
at greater length by Worsdell (97). It is, therefore, necessary to 
point out only a few marked or additional facts. 
There are a number of records of floral anomalies in Helenium 
autumnale. The most complete account is that by Worsdell (96). 
Other accounts have been given by Masters (53) and the writer (77). 
A proliferation similar to that which occurs in Helenium is recorded 
by Beketoff (6) for Cichoriutn Intybus. 
The proliferation known as the “hen and chickens” occurs 
frequently in a number of genera, see Worsdell (97) and Offner(65). 
Daniel (24) records some interesting grafting experiments where the 
interaction of the scion and stock extended to the number of capitula 
developed. 
Depauperation occurs frequently. James (44) gives an account 
of a solitary capitulum instead of numerous capitula in Rudbeckia 
hirta, but genera with branched inflorescences frequently have one 
or more more species in this condition, a notable example being 
Liaburn, § Paranephelium, and a more remarkable example outside 
the family, Gardenia Thunbergia, Rubiaceae (79). 
Another form of depauperation is a reduction in the number 
