20 
James Small. 
Recently the phenomenon was again recorded for Britain by Rea 
(70) and was named as above in an account by Lindfors (48). 
The occurrence of similar tubular ray florets in Helianthus 
annuus, Ratibida columnifera, var. tubularis, Rudbeckia hirta, var. 
tubuliforme, and Gaillardia pulchella, var. Jistulosa (G. fistulosa, 
Hort.) is recorded by Cockerell (19), and in Gaillardia aristata by 
Robbins (71). 
Mutations. The sudden appearance of these various anomalies 
adds strength to the evidence for discontinuous variation in the 
Compositae. Many examples of such mutations in the corolla and 
other parts are given by DeVries (87), the origin of Chrysanthemum 
segetum plenum (88) being a particularly clear case of the origin 
of a variety suddenly under experimental conditions. The origin 
in nature by mutation of Arctium minus laciniatum is discussed by 
Hus (40). 
Ostenfeld (66) has studied the origin of micro-species in 
Hieracinm under experimental conditions and gives as his opinion 
that “ very probably, in Europe, new forms of this sub-genus 
(Archihieracium) are appearing at the present time, and it is an 
interesting fact that many of the described species have an 
extremely limited distribution, which points to a very recent 
origin.” This last phrase is of great interest in connection with 
Willis’s Law of Age and Area (94 and 74a) which will be discussed 
later. 
Trow (84) has also recorded a mutation in Senecio vulgaris and 
Ishikawa’s cytological work (41) seems to indicate the presence in 
the Compositae of tetraploid mutations and “ pairs of species ” as 
described by Gates (32). Phillipi (68) records another mutation in 
Senecio vulgaris, a gynodioecious strain. 
The anomalous genus, Fitchia, was placed in the Cichorieae by 
Hooker (39); Nadeaud suggested at first (63) that it should be in 
the Heliantheae but afterwards (64) agreed with Hooker. Del 
Castillo (29) snbsequently placed the genus in the Mutisiese. Such 
cases are best regarded as large mutations like those claimed by 
Willis (93) in the Podostemaceae, and their study in the light of 
modern evolutionary ideas, such as suggested by Davenport (25), 
is sure to be a great help in the attainment of the truly natural 
classification, which is the aim of the present and future investi¬ 
gations. 
Doubling. In addition to the numerous cases of doubling 
discussed by De Vries (87-88), Molliard describes some interesting 
