Origin and Development of the Composites. 75 
Done l’aigrette est tin assemblage de braetdes, lesquelles sont 
disposees a peu prfes celles des calices ordinaires ; done l’aigrette 
est un calice.” This is typical of much of the loose and superficial 
reasoning on the subject. On p. 273 (op. cit.) he evidently takes 
the squamellules of the Cynareae as bracts, cp. below, Sects. B-C. 
Kohne (43) supported the phyllome theory on account of the 
insertion of the setae in several genera at five points, after the 
manner of the pentadelphous stamens in Hypericum. The setae 
were, therefore, regarded as divided calyx leaves, while Cassini and 
others regarded them as single sepals and the calyx as having 
undergone dedoublement. 
Buchenau (8b) is quoted by Masters (51) for the trichome 
theory and by Lund (47) for the phyllome theory. This is because 
he at first supported the former theory and then partially with¬ 
drew in the paper quoted. He definitely states that there is a 
calyx, and then goes on to show that the pappus hairs and scales 
are accessory organs of the semi-aborted calyx and not organs of 
the same importance as the other appendicular organs of the 
flower. He quotes cases where a pappus was observed inserted on 
five or more green leaflets which were provided with vascular 
bundles and developed in inverse proportion to the pappus. 
Lund (47) maintains that the pappus must be of a phyllome 
nature, each seta being a sepal, because in Cirsiutn and other 
genera vascular bundles of a more or less rudimentary nature are 
present in the paleaceous setae. According to Lund (op. cit., p. 
259) “ l’aigrette des Composes est un veritable calice.” This same 
opinion is expressed by Treub (66) as a result of finding all stages 
in the passage from the normal pappus to five free leaves with 
vascular bundles in the galls which sometimes occur on the capitula 
of Hieracium umbellatum. 
Bentham (5, pp. 354-5) repeatedly mentions the fact that the 
pappus is generally regarded as a reduced or modified calxy-limb, 
but he remained non-committal on account of the many variations 
with which he was familiar. He says “ their homology is not so 
easy to settle,” and again, “ the occasionally present, reduced, 
innermost row „ . . may only be a modification of the 
epigyn° us disc.” 
Eichler (17) gives a full account of the controversy to his date 
1875, quoting Hofmeister (35) and others as regarding the pappus 
as an isomerous, oligomerous or pleiomerous true calyx, and further 
authorities for the trichome or emergence nature of the organ. 
